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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Herpes simplex encephalitis ; Histochemistry ; Capillaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An enzyme histochemical study of experimental herpes simplex encephalitis of the mouse has revealed a decrease in the number of capillaries displaying alkaline phosphatase activity. Glial cells showed increased Inosine 5 diphosphatase and ATPase activity. These enzyme histochemical changes were distributed throughout the nervous parenchyma while the lesions, seen by light microscopy, are localized to well defined areas. Mice inoculated with a pure culture of irradiated HSV failed to show the above mentioned modifications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Polyneuropathy ; Hereditary disease ; Chiloren ; Sural nerve biopsy ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten autosomal recessive/sporadic cases of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type I (HMSN I), nine of which originated from the northern part of Sweden, were included in the study. Parents were free from neurologic symptoms. Motor and sensory conduction velocity was normal when recorded, i.e., in 19 and 17 parents, respectively. Sural nerve biopsies from the ten cases revealed a varying degree of onion bulb formation. In eight of the cases the onion bulbs consisted of abundant basement membranes, whereas the Schwann cells were few and sometimes lacking. There were in some cases considerable differences between separate fascicles as to the loss of myelinated nerve fibers. In the six biopsies in which teasing was performed signs of present and previous demyelination were noticed. Numerous internodal segments were abnormally thin with reference to their length. In many such segments there were marked local thickenings of the nerve fiber. In cross sections the probable counterparts to these thickenings were nerve fibers with unduly thick myelin sheaths and complex folding of the myelin. Ultrastructural axonal changes were seen in the majority of the cases. The pathogenetic and diagnostic implications of the present findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 79 (1989), S. 149-153 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lead ; Rat ; Cerebellum ; Particle-induced X-ray emission (micro-PIXE)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of lead in the cerebellum of suckling Sprague-Dawley rats was examined using a nuclear microprobe for elemental mapping of tissue sections (particle-induced X-ray emission, 3-μm beam of 2.5 MeV protons; micro-PIXE). The rats were injected intraperitoneally with a lead-containing vehicle or vehicle only from ages 1 to 14 days. The calculated doses were 7.8 (low-dose) and 15.6 (high-dose) μg lead/g body weight. The rats were killed at 20 days of age. The vascular system was rinsed quickly with 0.15 M ammonium acetate to obtain determinations of intra-parenchymal lead with minimal influence of lead bound to erythrocytes and plasma proteins. Brains were frozen in propane/propylene in liquid nitrogen. Cryostat sections, 15 μm thick, were air dried on formvar coats that covered a hole, 15 mm in diameter, in a plastic disc, and were used for lead analysis by micro-PIXE. Very low concentrations of lead were found in the brain of controls. Lead levels in homogenates from cerebrum and cerebellum measured by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) were: low-dose 1.2–2.2 μg/g wet weight and high-dose 1.4–2.4 μg/g wet weight. The lead levels measured with the micro-PIXE method were in good agreement with the levels found with AAS. Lead was present in the cerebellar white matter in two to three times higher amounts than in the cortical grey (low-dose white matter 11–18 μg/g dry weight, grey matter 2.0–5.5 μg/g dry weight). This was true for both low and high dose exposed rats. Lead concentrations in rats subjected the high-dose lead exposure were approximately 60% higher than those in low-dose exposed rats. Concentrations were lower in the Purkinje cell layer than in other parts of the cortex. These new findings on the distribution of lead in suckling rats are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of experimental lead encephalopathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 14 (1970), S. 284-292 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Chronic Sclerosing Panencephalitis ; Myelin Involvement ; Lipid-Histochemistry ; Pathology of Oligodendroglia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Histologische und lipid-histochemische Untersuchungen wurden an zwei chronischen und einem subakuten Fall von sklerosierender Panencephalitis mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Markschädigung durchgeführt. In den chronischen Fällen fanden sich fast völliger Markscheidenverlust, Reduktion der Oligodendroglia sowie zahlreiche Makrophagen. Histochemisch wurde in der Marksubstanz ein fast völliger Verlust von Cerebrosiden, Sphingomyelinen und Cholesterin nachgewiesen. Die Makrophagen enthielten vorwiegend Cholesterinester. Die Markscheiden des subakuten Falles erschienen größtenteils erhalten, doch fanden sich in der Oligodendroglia zahlreiche Kerneinschlüsse. Die Befunde werden mit den im Teil II mitgeteilten Ergebnissen der biochemischen Analyse verglichen. Es wird vermutet, daß die Schädigung der Oligodendroglia auch deren Fähigkeit, den Stoffwechsel der Markscheidenlipide aufrechtzuerhalten, beeinträchtigen dürfte. Der neurochemische Nachweis eines sehr niedrigen Gehaltes an Sphingolipiden, vor allem an Galaktolipiden, sowie deutlicher Veränderungen ihres Fettsäuregehaltes, selbst im subakuten Fall mit histologisch und histochemisch fast intakten Markscheiden, weisen auf eine frühe und tiefgreifende Störung des Stoffwechsels der Markscheidenlipide bei der sklerosierenden Panencephalitis hin.
    Notes: Summary A histological and lipid-histochemical study, with emphasis on myelin involvement, has been made of two chronic and one subacute case of sclerosing panencephalitis. An almost total loss of myelin sheaths was found in the brains of the chronic cases, accompanied by a reduction in the number of oligodendroglial cells and the occurrence of numerous compound granular corpuscles. Histochemically a practically complete disappearance of cerebrosides, sphingomyelins, and cholesterol was demonstrated in the white matter. The compound granular corpuscles mainly contained cholesteryl esters. The myelin sheaths of the subacute case appeared for the most part well preserved but numerous intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in the oligodendroglia. The findings are discussed against the results of the biochemical analysis, presented in Part II. It might be supposed that the oligodendroglial lesions would also affect the capacity of the oligodendrocytes to maintain the metabolism of myelin lipids. In fact, the neurochemical observations of a very low content of sphingolipids, especially of galactolipids, and a marked change of their fatty acid composition, even in the subacute case with histologically and histochemically almost intact myelin sheaths, suggest an early and profound involvement in the metabolism of the myelin lipids in sclerosing panencephalitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 55 (1981), S. 97-103 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Infantile striatal necrosis ; Computed tomography (CT) ; Morphology ; Excitotoxic factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of infantile bilateral striatal necrosis (IBSN) is reported, the first one found in Scandinavia. Extensive clinical and laboratory investigations did not reveal any evidence of a neurometabolic disease. By computed tomography (CT) degeneration of putamen of either side was detected. The neuropathologic findings included extensive bilateral destruction of the striatum and pallidum and degeneration of the substantia nigra and tegmental nuclei. In the damaged regions, accumulations of cells containing sudanophilic lipids were found and Alzheimer type II glial cells, which were also seen in the cortex. On the basis of the clinical picture and the destruction of nerve cells in particular areas of the brain, in the present case and previously published cases of IBSN, the possible role of glutamatc and other excitotoxic transmitters in the pathogenesis of the disease is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 4 (1965), S. 421-424 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Beteiligung der inneren Organe bei der juvenilen amaurotischen Idiotie (Batten-Spielmeyer-Vogtsche Krankheit) wurde in 3 klinisch und pathologisch typischen Fällen untersucht. Reichlich intracelluläre Ablagerungen einer Substanz, welche die gleichen Farbreaktionen und primäre Gelbfluorescenz aufwies, wie sie an den Nervenzellen beschrieben ist, wurden besonders in Myokard, Leber, Nieren, Milz und Lymphknoten gefunden. Die Ähnlichkeit zwischen dieser Substanz und dem Lipofuscin, sowie ihre verschiedene chemische Zusammensetzung im Vergleich zu dem bei infantiler amaurotischer Idiotie (Tay-Sachsche Krankheit) angehäuften Lipoid wird kurz erörtert.
    Notes: Summary The involvement of visceral organs was studied in three typical clinical and pathological cases of juvenile amaurotic idiocy (Batten-Spielmeyer-Vogt disease). Abundant intracellular deposits of a substance showing the same staining reactions and primary yellow fluorescence as that previously described in the nerve cells was found particularly in the myocardium, liver, kidneys, spleen and lymphnodes. The resemblance between this substance and lipofuscin and its different chemical composition as compared with the lipid accumulated in infantile amaurotic idiocy (Tay-Sachs disease) is briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Brain tumors ; Cell separation ; Biochemistry ; Brain specific protein ; GABA ; S-100 protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The heterogeneity of brain tumours, especially in the glioblastoma group, makes biochemical characterization of pieces of the tumours hazardous even with extensive histological controls. This study employs a technique by which separate cell populations are subsequently isolated from the tumours by means of density gradient centrifugation. Cells isolated from glial brain tumours with low density sedimentation rates show the highest levels of glial cell characteristics, i.e. S-100 content and active uptake of the neurotransmitter GABA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Stab wound ; Extravasation ; Injury ; Blood-Brain-Barrier ; EBA Leakage ; Cellular damage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A small stab wound was made in the frontal lobe of the rat brain in order to study both the acute damage and the restitution of the blood-brain barrier to macromolecules under well-defined experimental conditions. Intravenously administered Evans blue-labelled albumin (EBA) was used as a tracer and the brain sections were observed in a fluorescence microscope. EBA leaked into the neuropil only during the first 3 days after the trauma. The maximal leakage occurred during the first day after the injury. The tracer spread from the area surrounding the stab wound in a reproducible way, initially roughly centrifugally. Nerve and glial cells close to the wound displayed a diffuse fluorescence of their cell bodies 1 to 6 h after the injury, i.e. at times with maximal extravasation of the tracer. A more granular distribution of the tracer was seen in neurons and glial cells at both very short and long times after EBA injection. Thus, the blood-brain barrier lesion induced was reproducible and reversible as judged by the pattern of EBA leakage. Some cells immediately adjacent to the injury had a diffuse cytoplasmic distribution of the tracer complex, in contrast to cells more distant from the injury, having a more granular distribution of the tracer in their cytoplasm. However, the appearance of the fluorescence in neurons and glia was to a large extent dependent upon the time after the injury, at which the cells were exposed to the tracer complex and on the time that had elapsed from the time of injection of the tracer complex to the sacrifice of the animal. Thus, it seems likely that two factors contribute to the appearance of the neuronal EBA distribution: on one hand the location and possibly extent of cellular damage of the cell, and on the other hand, the time and amount of EBA to which the cells were exposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Perineurium ; Protein deprivation ; Rat ; Peripheral nerve ; Diphtheria toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diphtheria toxin was locally administered around the sciatic nerves of normal and protein deprived rats aged 3, 6, 12, and 26 weeks in order to investigate the permeability of the barriers enveloping the nerves. At all ages the rats developed a reversible hind limb paralysis linked to a severe segmental demyelination, indicating passage of the toxin into the endoneurium. From 6 weeks of age the pattern of reaction differed between the protein deprived and control rats. The differences are discussed and interpreted as being partly dependent on less efficient protective barriers of the sciatic nerves of the protein deprived rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 65 (1984), S. 99-109 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lipidosis ; Brain ; Human ; Gaucher disease ; Morphology ; Biochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Norrbottnian type of Gaucher disease is characterized by infantile or juvenile onset and variable degrees of neurological symptoms, some of which develop only after splenectomy. A full neuropathological description of this type of Gaucher disease has not been reported previously. The brains of five patients were examined morphologically and biochemically. All presented typical accumulations of glucosylceramide storing cells in the adventitia of vessels in the cerebral and cerebellar sub-cortical white matter (s.c.w.m.). There were differences between the five cases with regard to the accumulation of adventitial storage cells and to the fatty acid pattern of the glucosylceramide isolated from the s.c.w.m., which implicate that the accumulation of glucosylceramide in adventitial cells in the brain is dependent on the generalized lipid storage process and enhanced by splenectomy. Loss of neurones and myelin was noted in the vicinity of accumulations of storage cells in two cases. The five cases whowed varying degrees of nerve cell loss, satellitosis and neuronophagia. Lipofuscin with simple and complex lipids but no glycolipids could be demonstrated in neurones light-microscopically. Utrastructural examination revealed inclusion bodies with bilayers in neurones of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex, dentate nucleus and pons. Because of the bilayered structure of Gaucher cell inclusions the bilayers in neurones are assumed to be formed by glucosylceramide. The fatty acid composition of glucosylceramide isolated from cerebral cortex in all cases suggested that cerebral gangliosides were its main precursor. The highest levels of psychosine (glucosylsphingosine) were seen in the cases with the most advanced nerve cell loss. The morphological and biochemical findings indicate that the neuronopathic process is associated with accumulation of glucosylceramide and psychosine in neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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