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  • 1
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Multiple sclerosis ; infection ; immune response ; age ; epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario La sclerosi a placche è più frequente nei paesi industrializzati che in quelli sottosviluppati, e la migrazione da un'area all'altra in età giovanile modifica il rischio di ammalare. Per spiegare la particolare distribuzione di frequenza della malattia e l'effetto della migrazione, è necessario postulare che un'infezione in età infantile diminuisca il rischio di malattia demielinizzante del sistema nervoso centrale; tuttavia nessuna infezione specifica è stata dimostrata con certezza. Un'altra spiegazione potrebbe essere che la malattia demielinizzante è favorita da una risposta anormale a un'infezione contratta nella fanciullezza. La risposta anormale dell'ospite all'infezione potrebbe essere legata all'età. Valutando le possibilità di associazioni fra età di infezione e rischio di sclerosi a placche, abbiamo osservato una relazione diretta: nelle popolazioni in cui le malattie infettive erano contratte precocemente, la frequenza di sclerosi multipla era bassa, nelle popolazioni in cui le malattie infettive avevano una tendenza a manifestarsi verso l'adolescenza la frequenza di sclerosi multipla era elevata. Siccome la risposta immunitaria alle sollecitazioni antigeniche matura nel corso della prima parte dell'adolescenza, si può ipotizzare che un'infezione precoce possa proteggere dalla sclerosi a placche, mentre un ritardo nel contrarre le malattie infettive dell'infanzia può aumentare il rischio di sviluppare la sclerosi a placche. Nell'animale da esperimento, la possibilità di indurre una malattia demielinizzante ricorrente e cronica del sistema nervoso centrale è favorita dall'uso di animali giovani, mentre si riduce utilizzando animali neonati o animali adulti. Questo lavoro illustra le prove epidemiologiche dell'associazione fra età di infezione e rischio di sclerosi a placche.
    Notes: Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS) appears to be more common in technically advanced countries than in underdeveloped regions and migration from one area to an-other at a young age affects the risk of acquiring MS. One way of explaining both the peculiar frequency distribution and the effect of migration while young is to postulate that an infection early in life decreases the chance of central demyelination. However, no specific infection has been implicated consistently. Alternatively, an aberrant host response to infection in childhood might induce central demyelination. Thus, the aberrant host response could be age-dependent. In seeking associations between age of infection and risk of MS, we observed a direct relationship: where childhood diseases were acquired early in life, the frequency of MS in that population was low; where childhood diseases tended to occur nearer adolescence, MS frequency in that population was high. Since immune responsiveness to antigenic challenges matures through early adolescence, we reason that early infection might be protective and delay in acquiring childhood infections might increase the risk of developing MS. Indeed, in experimental models, the chance of inducing chronic relapsing central demyelination is increased by using adolescent rather than newborn or mature animals. In this paper, epidemiologic evidence showing the strong association between age of infection and risk of MS is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 28-35 
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: extremely low frequency ; case-control study ; neurodegenerative disease ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In an hypothesis-generating case-control study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lifetime occupational histories were obtained. The patients (n = 28) were clinic based. The occupational exposure of interest in this report is electromagnetic fields (EMFs). This is the first and so far the only exposure analyzed in this study. Occupational exposure up to 2 years prior to estimated disease symptom onset was used for construction of exposure indices for cases. Controls (n = 32) were blood and nonblood relatives of cases. Occupational exposure for controls was through the same age as exposure for the corresponding cases. Twenty (71%) cases and 28 (88%) controls had at least 20 years of work experience covering the exposure period. The occupational history and task data were used to classify blindly each occupation for each subject as having high, medium/high, medium, medium/low, or low EMF exposure, based primarily on data from an earlier and unrelated study designed to obtain occupational EMF exposure information on workers in “electrical” and “nonelectrical” jobs. By using the length of time each subject spent in each occupation through the exposure period, two indices of exposure were constructed: total occupational exposure (E1) and average occupational exposure (E2). For cases and controls with at least 20 years of work experience, the odds ratio (OR) for exposure at the 75th percentile of the E1 case exposure data relative to minimum exposure was 7.5 (P 〈 0.02; 95% Cl, 1.4-38.1) and the corresponding OR for E2 was 5.5 (P 〈 0.02; 95% CI, 1.3-22.5). For all cases and controls, the ORs were 2.5 (P 〈 0.1; 95% CI, 0.9-8.1) for E1 and 2.3 (P = 0.12; 95% CI, 0.8-6.6) for E2. This study should be considered an hypothesis-generating study. Larger studies, using incident cases and improved exposure assessment, should be undertaken. Bioelectromagnetics 18:28-35, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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