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  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects of 2′-deoxycoformycin (dCF) and alpha interferon (IFN-a) on natural killer (NK) cell-enriched fractions and hairy cell (HC) targets from three patients with HC leukaemia (HCL) were investigated. There was no significant increase in NK activity when either the HC targets or NK-enriched cells were preincubated with dCF. However, preincubation of both HC and NK cells with dCF resulted in increased NK activity. Culture of enriched NK cells with IFN-α enhanced their activity. However, preincubation of HC targets with this drug in the presence or absence of dCF resulted in a protective effect. Maximal NK activity towards HCL was obtained when the target tumour cells were separately precultured with dCF and the NK-enriched effectors precultured with dCF + IFN-α. The effect of dCF and IFN-α was also measured using the standard K562 cells as targets for NK activity. dCF enhanced NK activity following preculture of both effector and target K562 cells, but IFN-a did not reduce K562 cell susceptibility to NK lysis as it did for HC cells. Our findings suggest that (a) dCF and IFN-α, which are used to treat HC, could function via activation of NK cells, (b) effects on both effector and tumour target cells should be taken into account, and (c) caution should be exercised in extrapolating the effects of NK-cell activity against K562 cells to those on HC targets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
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    Menasha, Wis. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    The Accounting Review. 49:4 (1974:Oct.) 826 
    ISSN: 0001-4826
    Topics: Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: CORRESPONDENCE
    Notes: Departments
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 77 (1990), S. 241-243 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Caffeine ; PIA ; Adenosine ; Combined drug effects ; Schedule-controlled behavior ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of caffeine (1–100 mg/kg, IP), (-)N-((R)-1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)-adenosine (PIA) (0.01–1 mg/kg, IP), and of the two drugs in combination were studied in mice responding under a mult FR30 FI600 s schedule of food presentation. The lowest dose of caffeine, 1 mg/kg, had no effect on responding under either component of the mult schedule. Intermediate doses of caffeine (3 and 10 mg/kg) slightly increased responding under the FI component, while higher doses decreased responding. Caffeine only decreased responding, at doses above 30 mg/kg, under the FR component. PIA decreased responding under both components of the mult schedule in a dose-dependent, and similar, manner. In most cases, the rate-increasing effect of caffeine on FI responding was diminished when combined with a rate-decreasing dose of PIA. However, when 0.01 mg/kg PIA, a dose that had no effect alone, was combined with 3 mg/kg caffeine, the increase in rate exceeded that of caffeine alone. Rate-deceasing effects of PIA were antagonized by caffeine; with larger doses of PIA, larger doses of caffeine were required for antagonism. Thus, while the rate-increasing effects of caffeine can be either enhanced or diminished, when combined with different doses of PIA, the rate-decreasing effects of PIA are clearly antagonized by caffeine in a dose-dependent manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: supratentorial tumors ; infratentorial tumors ; spinal cord tumors ; survival ; outcome ; intracranial ; intraspinal ; childhood brain tumors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Children whose brain tumor involves two or more compartments at presentation differ clinically and pathologically from children whose brain tumor is confined to one compartment. In this study of 3,291 children with a brain tumor, at least 10% had a tumor that occupied two or three compartments at first hospitalization. Infratentorial tumors occupying multiple compartments were 1.7 times more likely to involve the cervicomedullary junction than the mesodiencephalic junction. Younger children (1–3 years) were more likely to have had multiple compartment tumors than older children. Children whose tumor was limited to the infratentorial compartment had a longer survival than children whose tumor also occupied other compartments. Ependymoma, anaplastic ependymoma, and astrocytoma (nos) were over represented among infratentorial multiple compartment tumors. Pilocytic astrocytoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor (medulloblastoma), and desmoplastic medulloblastoma were less likely to have occupied multiple compartments at the time of the first surgical exploration. The distributions of histologic features in tumors at the cervicomedullary junction differed from those in tumors limited to the posterior fossa or to the spinal canal. Seizures were more likely if the tumor was confined to the supratentorial compartment, whereas nausea or vomiting and headache were more likely if the tumor was confined to the infratentorial compartment. Children whose tumor was confined to the spinal canal were significantly more likely to have bladder symptoms and back and/or abdominal pain than those whose tumor also involved compartments above the foramen magnum. We conclude that brain tumors apparently confined to one compartment at presentation are biologically and structurally different from tumors evident in two or more compartments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Multiple sclerosis ; infection ; immune response ; age ; epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario La sclerosi a placche è più frequente nei paesi industrializzati che in quelli sottosviluppati, e la migrazione da un'area all'altra in età giovanile modifica il rischio di ammalare. Per spiegare la particolare distribuzione di frequenza della malattia e l'effetto della migrazione, è necessario postulare che un'infezione in età infantile diminuisca il rischio di malattia demielinizzante del sistema nervoso centrale; tuttavia nessuna infezione specifica è stata dimostrata con certezza. Un'altra spiegazione potrebbe essere che la malattia demielinizzante è favorita da una risposta anormale a un'infezione contratta nella fanciullezza. La risposta anormale dell'ospite all'infezione potrebbe essere legata all'età. Valutando le possibilità di associazioni fra età di infezione e rischio di sclerosi a placche, abbiamo osservato una relazione diretta: nelle popolazioni in cui le malattie infettive erano contratte precocemente, la frequenza di sclerosi multipla era bassa, nelle popolazioni in cui le malattie infettive avevano una tendenza a manifestarsi verso l'adolescenza la frequenza di sclerosi multipla era elevata. Siccome la risposta immunitaria alle sollecitazioni antigeniche matura nel corso della prima parte dell'adolescenza, si può ipotizzare che un'infezione precoce possa proteggere dalla sclerosi a placche, mentre un ritardo nel contrarre le malattie infettive dell'infanzia può aumentare il rischio di sviluppare la sclerosi a placche. Nell'animale da esperimento, la possibilità di indurre una malattia demielinizzante ricorrente e cronica del sistema nervoso centrale è favorita dall'uso di animali giovani, mentre si riduce utilizzando animali neonati o animali adulti. Questo lavoro illustra le prove epidemiologiche dell'associazione fra età di infezione e rischio di sclerosi a placche.
    Notes: Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS) appears to be more common in technically advanced countries than in underdeveloped regions and migration from one area to an-other at a young age affects the risk of acquiring MS. One way of explaining both the peculiar frequency distribution and the effect of migration while young is to postulate that an infection early in life decreases the chance of central demyelination. However, no specific infection has been implicated consistently. Alternatively, an aberrant host response to infection in childhood might induce central demyelination. Thus, the aberrant host response could be age-dependent. In seeking associations between age of infection and risk of MS, we observed a direct relationship: where childhood diseases were acquired early in life, the frequency of MS in that population was low; where childhood diseases tended to occur nearer adolescence, MS frequency in that population was high. Since immune responsiveness to antigenic challenges matures through early adolescence, we reason that early infection might be protective and delay in acquiring childhood infections might increase the risk of developing MS. Indeed, in experimental models, the chance of inducing chronic relapsing central demyelination is increased by using adolescent rather than newborn or mature animals. In this paper, epidemiologic evidence showing the strong association between age of infection and risk of MS is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 28-35 
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: extremely low frequency ; case-control study ; neurodegenerative disease ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In an hypothesis-generating case-control study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lifetime occupational histories were obtained. The patients (n = 28) were clinic based. The occupational exposure of interest in this report is electromagnetic fields (EMFs). This is the first and so far the only exposure analyzed in this study. Occupational exposure up to 2 years prior to estimated disease symptom onset was used for construction of exposure indices for cases. Controls (n = 32) were blood and nonblood relatives of cases. Occupational exposure for controls was through the same age as exposure for the corresponding cases. Twenty (71%) cases and 28 (88%) controls had at least 20 years of work experience covering the exposure period. The occupational history and task data were used to classify blindly each occupation for each subject as having high, medium/high, medium, medium/low, or low EMF exposure, based primarily on data from an earlier and unrelated study designed to obtain occupational EMF exposure information on workers in “electrical” and “nonelectrical” jobs. By using the length of time each subject spent in each occupation through the exposure period, two indices of exposure were constructed: total occupational exposure (E1) and average occupational exposure (E2). For cases and controls with at least 20 years of work experience, the odds ratio (OR) for exposure at the 75th percentile of the E1 case exposure data relative to minimum exposure was 7.5 (P 〈 0.02; 95% Cl, 1.4-38.1) and the corresponding OR for E2 was 5.5 (P 〈 0.02; 95% CI, 1.3-22.5). For all cases and controls, the ORs were 2.5 (P 〈 0.1; 95% CI, 0.9-8.1) for E1 and 2.3 (P = 0.12; 95% CI, 0.8-6.6) for E2. This study should be considered an hypothesis-generating study. Larger studies, using incident cases and improved exposure assessment, should be undertaken. Bioelectromagnetics 18:28-35, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Total intensity, Rayleigh light scattering has been used to measure the rms radius, second virial coefficient, persistence length, and excluded volume of homogeneous T7 bacteriophage DNA as a function of Na+ concentration (0.005 to 3.0 M). All parameters decrease sharply as [Na+] increases, and tend to level off at high Na+. The variation of persistence length with [Na+] is consistent with predictions from counterion condensation theory.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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