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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 8 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Papain is a proteolytic enzyme with elastolytic activity, which produces emphysemalike lesions when introduced into the airways of animals. It is encountered by humans in numerous occupations, medications and domestic products.Sensitization to papain in two subjects in different occupations was confirmed with skin tests with chemical-grade papain and radioallergosorbent tests (RAST), with a papain which had been chemically inactivated by selective active site blockade. Skin tests and RAST were negative in non-symptomatic co-workers. Withdrawal from occupational exposure to papain resulted in an improvement in symptoms.In a survey of 330 subjects at the time they were receiving routine allergy skin tests, seven reacted to papain. Sensitization was confirmed by the RAST. Serum IgG antibodies to papain were detected among sensitized individuals and also in five out of 266 sera obtained from a clinical hospital laboratory.The findings illustrate immune responses to papain in humans in the form of atopic sensitization and serum IgG antibodies. Moreover, recurrent respiratory symptoms in the presenting persons served to illustrate that they and their co-workers were repeatedly exposed to air-borne papain. In view of the potential danger from the proteolytic effects of papain, these observations illustrate the need for further investigations of the effects of human exposure to air-borne papain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 14 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Experimental systems were produced from fragments of bracken rhizome and picloram-14C was applied to frond laminae, rhizome apices, frond buds and roots and translocation assessed 7 days after treatment. The isotope was readily taken up by all organs and freely translocated to associated fractions of the rhizome except in the case of laminae from which distribution was very poor. Accumulation of activity in the roots was considerable following treatment of the frond buds but was limited in the frond buds. Poor translocation of herbicide from treated frond laminae is considered a possible explanation of poor control in the field when bracken is sprayed in July.Lapplication du picioram e14C à la fougèreDes systèmes expérimentaux ont étéétablis en utilisant des fragments de rhizome de fougére et du piciorame 14C a été appliqué sur les limbes des frondes, les apex des rhizomes, les bourgeons des frondes et les racines. La migration fut évaluée sept jours aprés le traitement. L'isotope a été facilement absorbé par tous les organes et librement transporté aux fractions correspondantes du rhizome, sauf dans le cas des limbes è partir desquels la distribution a été très faible. L'accumulation de ractivité dans les racines a été considérable è la suite du traitement des bourgeons de frondes mais a été Iimitée dans les bourgeons de frondes. Une faible migration de I'herbicide depuis les limbes des frondes est considérée comme une explication possible du désherbage mediocre auchamp, lorsque la fougère est traitée en juillet.Die Anwendung von PicIoram-14C zu AdlerfarnAus Rhizomstücken von Adlerfarn wurden Versuchsp-flanzen gezogen und auf die Wedelspreiten, Rhizomapices, Wedelknospen und Wurzein- Picloram-14C appliziert. Die Transiokation des Herbizids wurde eine Woche nach der Behandlung gemessen. Das lsotop wurde von alien Pflan-zenorganen schnell aufgenommen und in die dem Rhizom benachbarten Pflanzenteile transloziert; bei Behandlung der Wedelspreiten war jedoch nur eine geringe Verteilung fest-zustellen. Nach Behandlung der Wedelknospen war in den Wurzein eine beträchtliche, aber in den Wedelknospen nur eine geringe Aktivitätsanreicherung feststellbar. Für den schwachen Bekämpfungserfolg des Adierfarns im Freiland bei Spritzungen im Juli, wird die geringe Transiokation des Herbizids aus den Wedelspreiten als mögliche Erklärung angesehen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 14 (1974), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Picloram and dicamba applied as sprays or granules at equal doses reduced the vigour of bracken, and there was a corresponding increase in pasture yield. Yield of pasture dry matter and digestible organic matter was increased by over 400% on picloram plots compared with untreated plots and Agrostis spp. became dominant in the sward. Picloram produced the greatest reduction in bracken vigour. Vigour was assessed in terms of dry weight of frond laminae per unit area and total available rhizome carbohydrate per unit area. Higher doses, and granular rather than spray applications of both herbicides were most effective in reducing bracken vigour. Out of twenty-one correlations tested over a 3-year period, bracken frond lamina dry weight yield showed the best relationship with pasture dry matter yield.Réponse de la fougére et de la pâture associée à des applications de piclorame et de dicambaLe piclorame et le dicamba appliqués sous forme liquide ou sous forme de granulés, à des doses égales, ont réduit la vigueur de la fougàre et il s'est manifesté un accroissement correspondant du rendement de la pâture. Le rendement de la pâture en matiàre sàche et en matiàre organique digestible a été augmenté de plus de 400 % dans les parcelles traitées au piclorame, par rapport aux parcelles non traitées et l'Agrostis spp est devenu dominant dans la prairie. Le picloramé a provoqué la plus forte réduction de la vigueur de la fougàre. La vigueur a été exprimée en termes de poids sec de feuilles de frondes et en carbohydrates totaux disponibles dans les rhizomes, par unité de surface. Les doses les plus fortes et les granulés, plus que les pulvérisations, furent les plus efficaces quant à la réduction de la vigueur de la fougàre. Des 21 corrélations examinées durant une période de trois ans, il ressort que le rendement, en poids sec, des feuilles de frondes de fougàres a montré la meilleure relation avec le rendement en matiàre sàche de la pâture.Die Reaktion von Adlerfarn und der von ihm besiedelten Weide auf Behandlungen mit Picloram und DicambaSprintzungen und entsprechende Aufwandmengen als Granulate von Picloram und Dicamba verminderten die Wuchsigkeit des Adierfarns und bewirkten einen Ertrags-zuwachs der Weide. Der Ertrag an Trockensubstanz der Weide und die verdauliche organische Substanz, nahmen in den Picloramparzellen, verglichen mit Unbehandelt, um über 400 % zu und Agrostis spp. wurden vorherrschend. Picloram drängte den Adlerfarn am stärksten zurück. Die Wüchsigkeit wurde an Hand des Wedeltrockengewichts je Flächeneinheit und verfägbarer Rhizomkohlenhydrate je Flächeneinheit gemessen. Bei beiden Herbiziden wurde der Adlerfarnwuchs durch höhere Aufwandmengen und Anwendung in Granulat-form stärker vermindert als durch Spritzungen. Von den Versuchsergebnissen aus drei Jahren, zeigten von 21 geprüften Korrelationen das Wedeltrockengewicht des Adierfarns mit dem Trockensubstanzertrag der Weide, die beste Beziehung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Child 21 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2214
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: A study of children's help-seeking behaviour with respect to bullying and parental arguing is reported. A number of specific hypotheses and open-ended questions were investigated with boys and girls aged8-17 years. Female helpers were preferred overall, thought a relationship existed between the child's and helper's gender. Parents, friends, and teachers were all chosen, and parent and peer helpers were seen as complementary rather than competitive sources of help. Reasons for choosing helpers were notably varied, but largely related to perceived qualities of the helper rather than the child's own needs. Children depicted helping as an active response on the part of the helper. These findings, are discussed and implications of practice noted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Journal of clinical periodontology 31 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-051X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective: To compare the effectiveness of triclosan/copolymer and fluoride dentifrices in improving plaque control and gingival health.Search strategy: We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE (1986 to March 2003) and EMBASE (1986 to March 2003). Personal files and the reference lists of all articles were checked for further studies.Selection criteria: Trials were selected if they met the following criteria: random allocation of participants; participants were adults with plaque and gingivitis; unsupervised use of dentifrices for at least 6 months; and primary outcomes – plaque and gingivitis after 6 months.Data collection and analysis: Two reviewers independently extracted information. For each plaque and gingivitis index, the mean differences for each study were pooled as weighted mean differences (WMDs) with the appropriate 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the random effect models.Main results: Sixteen trials provided data for the meta-analysis. The triclosan/copolymer dentifrice significantly improved plaque control compared with a fluoride dentifrice, with a WMD of −0.48 (95% CI: −0.64 to −0.32) for the Quigley–Hein index and WMD of −0.15 (95% CI: −0.20 to −0.09) for the plaque severity index. When compared with a fluoride dentifrice, the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice significantly reduced gingivitis with WMDs −0.26 (95% CI: −0.34 to −0.18) and −0.12 (95% CI: −0.17 to −0.08) for the Loe and Silness index and gingivitis severity index, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1600-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract –  Objective: To determine the effectiveness of providing free toothpaste containing either 1450 or 440 ppm F on caries experience in 5-year-old children living in areas with different levels of material deprivation. Design:  Five-year, examiner-blind, randomized, controlled, parallel-group, clinical trial. Children were randomly assigned to three groups. Setting:  Health Districts in the north-west of England with high levels of dental caries. Clinical examinations were performed in schools during the period October 1999 to April 2000 when the children were 5–6 years old. Participants:  Children from 3-month birth cohorts resident in nine, nonfluoridated health districts. Interventions:  Toothpaste containing either 440 or 1450 ppm F and dental health literature posted at 3-month intervals and toothbrush provided annually from the age of 1–5〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:03015661:CDOE150:CDOE_150_mu1" location="equation/CDOE_150_mu1.gif"/〉 years. Comparison group received no intervention. Main outcome measures:  Mean dmft and proportion of participants with dmft 〉 0, dmft ≥ 4, upper primary incisor caries and extraction of one or more primary teeth. Outcomes tabulated for quartiles of participants based on the distribution of the Townsend index of material deprivation. Results:  A total of 3467 children were included in the final data analysis. The Townsend index was found to be useful in identifying groups of children with increased caries risk. Overall, participants in the programme using the high-fluoride toothpaste had significantly (P 〈 0.002) less caries than the comparison group with similar absolute reductions in mean dmft for the most- and least-deprived groups. Relative to the comparison group the association between deprivation and dental caries was changed so that in the most-deprived quartile those using the low-fluoride toothpaste tended to have less dental caries than the comparison group whereas in the least deprived they tended to have more. This difference in the association (slope) was statistically significant (P 〈 0.05). Provision of both low- and high-fluoride toothpaste appeared to reduce the risk of extractions for participants in the most-deprived quartile (P 〈 0.05). Conclusion:  The relative benefits of the programmes supplying the two toothpastes considered in this study are different depending on the deprivation status of the participants. For the most-deprived groups postal provision of either a low- or high-fluoride toothpaste provides similar levels of benefit. In the less deprived groups only provision of the high-fluoride toothpaste provided a benefit. The absolute caries reduction seen for provision of the high-fluoride toothpaste was not related to the deprivation status and hence the programme did not reduce deprivation-related health inequalities. Targeting the programme using the methods employed in this study is unlikely to improve the effectiveness of the programme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
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    Unknown
    Urbana, etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    American Journal of Psychology. 92:3 (1979:Sept.) 507 
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 94 (1915), S. 563-563 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ON December 30, 1914, when a heavy rainfall had been followed by a night frost, a layer of prismatic ice was seen immediately below the surface of the heaps of loose clay, in shallow workings in clay-with-flints at the south-west end of Walton Heath, Surrey. The workings are near the crest of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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