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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Developmental Biology 114 (1986), S. 296-310 
    ISSN: 0012-1606
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Developmental Biology 102 (1984), S. 344-355 
    ISSN: 0012-1606
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Single Nephron Filtration Rates ; High, Normal and Low Sodium Diet ; Heterogeneity of Nephron Function ; Structure and Function ; Einzelnephronfiltrat ; Höhe, Normal und Niedridge Kochsalzdiät ; Unterschiede der Nephronfunktion ; Struktur und Funktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La distribution intrarénale des débits de filtration glomérulaire par néphron (fg) est étudiée en fonction de l'apport sodé chez trois groupes de rats: normaux, carencés en sodium et surchargés en sodium. Les fg ont été déterminées soit indirectement par la méthode de Hanssen soit grâce à une modification de cette méthode qui procure directement les valeurs absolues [23]. Chez les rats normaux, la fg est égale à 27,9 nl/min pour les néphrons superficiels et à 38,5 nl/min pour les néphrons juxtamédullaires. Il n'existe pas de différence décelable entre les fg de nos rats sans sel et celles de nos rats normaux. Chez les rats surchargés en sel, les fg des néphrons superficiels et juxtamédullaires passent respectivement à 52,4 nl/min et à 52,7 nl/min. Au cours de nos surcharges sodées l'augmentation de filtration glomérulaire du rein résulte donc d'une augmentation de la fg de tous les néphrons. Celle-ci est cependant nettement plus marquée pour les néphrons superficiels et le rapport fg néphrons superficiels/fg néphrons juxtamédullaires qui est de 0,7 environ chez les rats normaux et sans sel, atteint 1,0 au cours de nos surcharges sodées. Ainsi dans cette dernière condition physiologique l'hétérogénéité fonctionnelle des néphrons disparaît. La variation des fg est discutée en fonction de ce que l'on sait de la variation de la distribution intrarénale de la rénine sous l'influence de l'apport sodé.
    Notes: Summary The intrarenal distribution of single glomerular filtration rates (SGFR) was studied in rats previously fed a normal or a low sodium diet during antidiuresis, or in rats previously fed a high sodium diet during hypertonic saline diuresis. SGFR were determined either indirectly by Hanssen's technique, or directly by means of a modification of this technique which gives absolute values [23]. In the normal rats, the mean value of SGFR of superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons was equal to 27.9 nl/min and 38.5 nl/min, respectively. There was no appreciable difference between SGFR in our normal and salt-deprived rats. In the salt-loaded rats, the mean value of SGFR of superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons reached 52.4 nl/min and 52.7 nl/min, respectively. Therefore, the increase of the GFR of the whole kidney during salt loading was due to an increase of SGFR of all the nephrons. However, the increase of SGFR was more important for the superficial ones and the ratio SGFR superficial nephrons/SGFR juxtamedullary nephrons which was 0.7 in the normal rats reached 1.0 in the salt-loaded rats, indicating that there was no more functional heterogeneity of nephrons during our salt loadings. The variation of SGFR is discussed in relation to the sodium dependent variation of the intrarenal distribution of renin observed by many authors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 349 (1974), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Single Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Superficial Nephrons ; Juxtamedullary Nephrons ; Ferrocyanide Ions ; Microdissection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intrarenal SNGFR distribution was examined in rats undergoing extracellular fluid volume expansion using 1.14C ferrocyanide infusion technique, 2. Hanssen's technique, 3. Hanssen's technique after infusion of unlabelled ferrocyanide solution. The S/JM SNGFR ratios were respectively 0.74±0.12 S.D., 0.98±0.12 S.D., 0.95±0.12 S.D. in the three groups. Thus no SNGFR redistribution was found using the14C ferrocyanide infusion technique. In contrast, redistribution was observed using Hanssen's technique, both in the presence and absence of a previous ferrocyanide infusion. It was concluded that the presence of ferrocyanide ions at the macula densa site does not influence intrarenal SNGFR distribution. The authors suggest that the redistribution observed using Hanssen's technique results from the method used to inject the label.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Renal phosphate reabsorption ; Terminal nephron ; Juxtamedullary nephron ; Loop of Henle ; Microinjection techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adult Munich Wistar rats undergoing mild salt diuresis (NaCl 20 g·l−1, 0.1 ml·min−1) were injected with tracer doses of3H-Inulin and32P-sodium phosphate in thin descending and ascending limbs of Henle's loop, collecting ducts accessible at the surface of the papilla and early distal superficial tubules. Kidneys were prepared for simultaneous papillary microinjection and urinary flow collection. Expressed in percent of the amounts injected, unidirectional phosphate reabsorption fluxes were 5±1% and 3±1% for injections into early distal superficial tubules and collecting ducts, respectively. By contrast, the flux was 21.7±3% for injections into either the descending or ascending thin limbs of juxtamedullary nephrons. We conclude from these results that in the rat, a significant amount of phosphate is reabsorbed by the juxtamedullary distal tubules and/or the subsequent arcades connecting the juxtamedullary distal tubules to the collecting ducts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 308 (1969), S. 260-276 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney Tubules ; Single Nephron Filtration Rates ; Heterogeneity of Nephron Function ; Structure and Function ; Nierentubuli ; Einzelnephronfiltrationsrate ; Unterschiede der Nephronfunktion ; Struktur und Funktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Non-diuretic rats and saline diuretic psammomys received 0.05 ml14C Na ferrocyanide i.v. Their kidneys were frozen in vivo 8–10 sec later. The quantity of14C ferrocyanide precipitated as prussian blue (Hanssen) in the lumen of a microdissected proximal tubule was proportional to its glomerular filtration rate (gfr). Distance between dye front and glomerulus was proportional to mean flow velocity (v). Fractional water reabsorption at the dye front was calculated using gfr, v and luminal radius. There were large differences in gfr, v and fractional water reabsorption between superficial and deep nephrons. Published micropuncture data agrees quantitatively with our results. Glomerular volume, tubular length and luminal radius increased from superficial to juxtamedullary proximal tubules in both species. Filtration rate varied directly with glomerular volume suggesting an influence of capillary surface area on filtration. Tubular length and luminal radius correlated with gfr. Proximal water reabsorption rate correlated with luminal radius in psammomys but not in rat tubules. Water reabsorption by the entire proximal tubule decreased with length in rat tubules but increased in psammomys. The discrepancy may be due to differences in blood flow distribution which alter gfr and/or water reabsorption in superficial relative to deep nephrons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney Tubules ; Single Nephron Filtration Rate ; Distribution of Single Nephron Filtration Rate ; Structure and Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous présentons dans ce travail une modification de la technique de Hanssen qui permet de la rendre quantitative. Un indicateur glomérulaire marqué (ferrocyanure de sodium14C) est perfusé à des rats anesthésiés jusqu'à l'obtention d'une concentration plasmatique stable. Puis 20 μl d'une solution à 10% de ferrocyanure non marqué sont injectés rapidement au dessus de l'artère rénale gauche. Quelques secondes plus tard, le pédicule rénal gauche est lié. Le ferrocyanure contenu dans le rein est alors précipité sous forme de bleu de Prusse insoluble, puis les tubules proximaux sont disséqués après macération. De la radioactivité contenue dans le néphron entre le glomérule et le précipité de ferrocyanure non marqué (radioactivité qui correspond donc au14C ferrocyanure filtré pendant un temps déterminé) et de la concentration plasmatique de cet indicateur, on déduit le débit de filtration (fg) du néphron considéré. Les résultats obtenus chez trois rats non diurétiques sont donnés à titre d'exemple. La fg de néphrons superficiels et profonds ayant une longueur moyenne de tubule proximal de 7,6 mm et 8,9 mm respectivement a été calculée à partir de l'équation de la droite de régression décrivant la variation de la fg en fonction de la longueur du tubule proximal: elle a été trouvée égale à 29,1 nl/min pour les néphrons superficiels et 40,1 nl/min pour les néphrons profonds. La validité de la technique est attestée 1. par le fait que la filtration glomérulaire totale du rein, calculée à partir des fg, est sensiblement identique à celle mesurée quelques minutes plus tôt (C in 2. par le fait que les valeurs des fg ainsi que les corrélations anatomo-fonctionnelles rapportées sont identiques à celles obtenues par la technique de Hanssen, 3. enfin par le fait que les fg des néphrons superficiels sont semblables à celles habituellement mesurées par microponction. Notre technique conserve tous les avantages de la méthode de Hanssen, mais elle en supprime les inconvénients liés à l'hétérogénéité de distribution dans le rein de l'indicateur marqué puisqu'ici, au lieu d'être administré en une seule injection, le ferrocyanure marqué est perfusé à l'animal; de plus, elle permet une mesure quantitative des valeurs individuelles de fg même sur des reins anuriques.
    Notes: Summary We describe a modification of Hanssen's technique. Anesthetized rats were infused with a14C−Na-ferrocyanide solution. At equilibrium, 20 μl of a 10% non labelled ferrocyanide solution were injected as a short pulse above the left renal artery. A few seconds later, the left renal pedicle was tied. Ferrocyanide contained within the kidney was precipitated as insoluble Prussian blue and the proximal tubules were microdissected after maceration. From the radioactivity contained within the nephron from the glomerulus to the precipitate of non labelled ferrocyanide (radioactivity which is due to the14C filtered during a given time) and from the14C plasmatic concentration, we deduced the single glomerular filtration rate (SGFR) of the nephron. Three non diuretic rats are given as example. The SGFR of superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons was respectively equal to 29,1 nl/min and 40,1 nl/min when calculated for the mean value of the length of their proximal tubules (respectively 7.6 mm and 8.9 mm) from the equation of the regression line which described the correlation between SGFR and the length of the proximal tubule. The reliability of the technique is supported 1. by the fact that the value of the GFR of the whole kidney calculated from SGFR's was the same asC in measured just prior, 2. by the fact that SGFR values and the anatomo-physiological correlations were identical to those obtained with the Hanssen's technique, 3. and by the fact that the SGFR of superficial nephrons agree with most of those obtained with the micropuncture techniques. Most of the criticisms of Hanssen's technique, which arise from the observation that the bolus of labelled precipitate is sometimes inhomogenously distributed from one region of the kidney to another, are not valid here because instead of being injected as a pulse, the14C-ferrocyanide is infused continuously into the animal. Moreover, our technique allows measurements of SGFR's even in non urine forming kidneys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Micropuncture ; Mg, Ca and P Excretion ; Concentrating Mechanism ; Loop of Henle ; Electron Probe Analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cortical and papillary micropuncture experiments were carried out on Psammomys undergoing mild hypertonic salt diuresis. Tubular fluid was collected along the proximal tubule or at the early distal tubule level, and at the tip of the longest Henle loop.3H-inulin, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca and P concentrations, as well as osmotic pressure, were determined in all samples. The results indicate a) no large net water movement along the loop; b) substantial addition of Na, K, Cl, Mg, and to a lesser extent Ca, along the descending limb, in proportion to the gradient; c) the tubular flow rate of phosphorus remains constant at the tip of the loop irrespective of the gradient. The constancy of the load of Na, K, Cl, Mg and Ca delivered to the distal superficial nephron, irrespective of the urinary osmotic pressure, indicates that medullary recycling between the ascending and descending limbs exists for Mg, Cl, and Ca, and confirms its existence for Na and K. In contrast, phosphorus behaves like inulin along the descending limb. A general conclusion is that in Psammomys the concentrating process along the descending limb of Henle results mainly from net addition of solutes, and not from water withdrawal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Single Nephron ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Microsphere Distribution ; Microdissection ; Extra Cellular Fluid Volume Expansion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In control non diuretic (ND) and in salt-loaded (SL) rats, both the microsphere technique and the14C ferrocyanide infusion technique were used to determine the distribution of microspheres in single glomeruli and the SNGFR of the corresponding nephrons. A sample of microspheres with a diameter averaging 11.0±2.6 μ SD was selected from a 15±5 μ unlabelled batch. In each rat, three million of these microspheres were injected through the left carotid artery. The microspheres were directly counted under microscopic observation in the glomeruli of the nephrons which were microdissected to determine the SNGFR value. The number of microspheres per glomerulus for a given kidney generally varied from 0 to 8 and was independant to the SNGFR value. The diameter of the microspheres trapped was constant in all the animals. The mean number of microspheres for superficial (S) and juxtamedullary (JM) nephrons was, (ND):S=1.99±0.48 SE.,n=5; JM=3.02±0.51 SE,n=5;P〈0.02, (SL):S=3.75±0.53 SE,n=6; JM=2.86±0.33 SE,n=6;P〈0.05. This distribution was directly related to that of SNGFR in ND rats (S=39.0±6.1 SD and JM=49.5±10.3 nl/min) but not in SL rats (S=50.9±6.1 and JM=66.9±10.0 nl/min). In conclusion, the microsphere technique described in the present paper, appears more suitable for investigating single glomerular blood flow since the number and the size of the microspheres trapped are directly determined at the level of the glomerulus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 361 (1976), S. 107-114 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Concentrating mechanism ; Loop of Henle ; Vasa recta ; Counter-current system ; Desert rodent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Micropunctures were performed at the tip of Henle's loops and vasa recta accessible at the extrarenal surface of the papilla in a desert rodent (Psammomys obesus) studied under mild NaCl (NaCl 4%, 0.0375 ml/min) and mild urea (urea 4%, 0.0375 ml/min) loading conditions. In NaCl loaded animals, it was confirmed that solute addition (mainly sodium) contributes in a large proportion to the concentrating process along the thin descending limb. Comparison of sodium and urea concentrations in the loops with those in vasa recta at the same level of the papilla demonstrated that 1. the transepithelial sodium gradient was compatible with a diffusion transport of this ion from the interstitium to the thin descending limb; 2. the sodium concentration higher in interstitium than in the loop fluid was not compatible with the existence of a purely passive concentrating process in inner medulla as was recently proposed [8], 3. the transepithelial urea gradient was very limited which indicates that this solute does not play an important part in the concentrating process. In urea loaded psammomys, solute addition (mainly urea) to the thin descending limb fluid was still present but water abstraction was enhanced as compared to salt loaded animals, probably on account to the higher interstitial urea concentration. It is, thus, brought to evidence that the relative contribution of water abstraction and solute addition to the concentrating process along the thin descending limb can vary in a given species as a function of the physiological state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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