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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant-adapted green fluorescent protein is a versatile vital reporter for gene expression, protein localization and mitosis in the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus nidulans (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 27 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a useful reporter to follow the in vivo behaviour of proteins, but the wild-type gfp gene does not function in many organisms, including many plants and filamentous fungi. We show that codon-modified forms of gfp, produced for use in plants, function effectively in Aspergillus nidulans both as gene expression reporters and as vital reporters for protein location. To demonstrate the use of these modified gfps as reporter genes we have used fluorescence to follow ethanol-induced GFP expression from the alcA promoter. Translational fusions with the modified gfp were used to follow protein location in living cells; plant ER-retention signals targeted GFP to the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas fusion to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain targeted it to the nucleus. Nuclear-targeted GFP allowed real-time observation of nuclear movement and division. These modified gfp genes should provide useful markers to follow gene expression, organelle behaviour and protein trafficking in real time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00664.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequencing of Aspergillus nidulans and comparative analysis with A. fumigatus and A. oryzae (2005)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 438 (2005), S. 1105-1115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The aspergilli comprise a diverse group of filamentous fungi spanning over 200 million years of evolution. Here we report the genome sequence of the model organism Aspergillus nidulans, and a comparative study with Aspergillus fumigatus, a serious human pathogen, and Aspergillus oryzae, used in the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04341
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification and localisation of a nucleoporin-like protein component of the plant nuclear matrix (1992)
    Springer
    Planta 187 (1992), S. 414-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Allium (nucleoporin) ; Brassica (nucleoporin) ; Daucus (nucleoporin) ; Nucleoporin (plant) ; Nucleus (pore, matrix)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Salt-detergent extraction of purified plant nuclei yields a fraction enriched in putative structural proteins known as the “nuclear matrix”. Compared with mammalian nuclear matrices, which contain three major proteins, plant nuclear matrices are complex, containing at least 100 polypeptides. In order to characterise more fully the plant nuclear matrix we have used antibodies raised against both yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and mammalian (rat) nuclear pore proteins. We have shown that the nuclear matrix of carrot (Daucus carota L.) contains at least one nucleoporin-like protein of about 100 kDa which is immunologically related to both the yeast nuclear pore protein NSP1 and mammalian nucleoporins (p62). Antibody labelling of a variety of plant cells at the light-microscope and electron-microscope levels confirms that this antigen is located at the nuclear pores. This, to our knowledge, is the first identification of a nuclear pore protein in plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195666
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant cyclins: a unified nomenclature for plant A-, B- and D-type cyclins based on sequence organization (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 1003-1018 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cyclins ; nomenclature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The comparative analysis of a large number of plant cyclins of the A/B family has recently revealed that plants possess two distinct B-type groups and three distinct A-type groups of cyclins [1]. Despite earlier uncertainties, this large-scale comparative analysis has allowed an unequivocal definition of plant cyclins into either A or B classes. We present here the most important results obtained in this study, and extend them to the case of plant D-type cyclins, in which three groups are identified. For each of the plant cyclin groups, consensus sequences have been established and a new, rational, plant-wide naming system is proposed in accordance with the guidelines of the Commission on Plant Gene Nomenclature. This nomenclature is based on the animal system indicating cyclin classes by an upper-case roman letter, and distinct groups within these classes by an arabic numeral suffix. The naming of plant cyclin classes is chosen to indicate homology to their closest animal class. The revised nomenclature of all described plant cyclins is presented, with their classification into groups CycA1, CycA2, CycA3, CycB1, CycB2, CycD1, CycD2 and CycD3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041384
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The maize retinoblastoma protein homologue ZmRb-1 is regulated during leaf development and displays conserved interactions with G1/S regulators and plant cyclin D (CycD) proteins (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 155-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: evolution ; G1-S control ; plant cell cycle ; retinoblastoma protein family ; ZmRb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent discoveries of plant retinoblastoma (Rb) protein homologues and D-type cyclins suggest that control of the onset of cell division in plants may have stronger parallels with mammalian G1/S controls than with yeasts. In mammals, the Rb protein interacts specifically with D-type cyclins and regulates cell proliferation by binding and inhibiting E2F transcription factors. However, the developmental role of Rb in plants and its potential interaction with cell cycle regulators is unknown. We show that the maize Rb homologue ZmRb-1 is temporally and spatially regulated during maize leaf development. ZmRb-1 is highly expressed in differentiating cells, but almost undetectable in proliferating cells. In vitro, both ZmRb-1 and human Rb bind all classes of plant D-type cyclins with the involvement of a conserved N-terminal Leu-x-Cys-x-Glu (LxCxE) Rb-interaction motif. This binding is strongly reduced by mutation of the conserved Cys-470 of ZmRb-1. ZmRb-1 binds human and Drosophila E2F, and inhibits transcriptional activation of human E2F. We also show that ZmRb-1 is a good in vitro substrate for all human G1/S protein kinases. The functional conservation of proteins that control the G1/S transition in mammals and plants points to the existence of plant E2F homologues. We conclude that evolution of Rb and cyclin D proteins occurred after separation of the fungi from the higher eukaryotic lineage, but preceded the divergence of plant and animal kingdoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005902226256
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pre-prophase band of microtubules, absent from tip-growing moss filaments, arises in leafy shoots during transition to intercalary growth (1987)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 7 (1987), S. 138-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Physcomitrella ; cytoskeleton ; morphogenesis ; phytohormones ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the presence of cytokinin, undetermined side branch initials of the moss, Physcomitrella patens, arc induced to form buds and then leafy shoots rather than to develop as tip-growing filaments. This represents a transition between the two modes of plant cell expansion-tip growth and uniform intercalary growth. The organization of microtubules in filaments is different from that in leafy shoots and can be traced back to the influence of phytohormones on side branch initials. Microtubules either focus at a particular region (as in tip-growing cells) or in the presence of high levels of cytokinin form swollen bud initials in which microtubules are more diffusely organized. Higher levels of cytokinin are capable of destabilizing tip microtubules in caulonemal filaments. Although caulonemata are not normally target cells, this implies that cytokinin may exert its morphogenetic effects by altering microtubule organization.In tip-growing filaments, interphase microtubules trace a meandering course through the cytoplasm towards the tip and are not for the main part associated with the plasma membrane as are cortical arrays. There is no pre-prophase band of microtubules to indicate the future division plane, even though the oblique division plane is known to be precisely controlled relative to environmental factors. This microtubule cycle contrasts with cells of the leafy shoots that develop from buds: in these, the interphase array is cortical, consisting of flat-pitched microtubular helices that do not focus upon a growing tip. It is now shown that pre-prophase hands occur at this stage.The absence of bands does not readily correlate with imprecise control of the division plane. Instead, it is proposed that the ability to form pre-prophase bands depends upon the arrangement of microtubules in the preceding interphase array. Ways in which bands might be formed are discussed and the generality of these ideas is tested by observations on higher plant cells.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970070206
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microtubule cycle in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: An Immunofluorescence study (1987)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 7 (1987), S. 381-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoskeleton ; cell division ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Monoclonal antibodies to yeast tubulin have been used to investigate the distribution of microtubules throughout the cell cycle of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. By indirect immunofluorescence microscopy we detect all the classes of microtubule-containing structures previously described from ultrastructural investigations but we can now demonstrate the complex spatial and temporal relationships between the different microtubule arrays. During interphase a cortical cytoplasmic microtubule system emanates from the base of the flagellar microtubules. These microtubules become reorganised on entry into mitosis, being largely disassembled and replaced by the spindle and “metaphase band” microtubules. The “metaphase band” is shown to be not one array but two distinct sets of microtubules, each linking a spindle pole with a region of the cell cortex near the spindle equator. It persists until late telophase, when it is replaced by cortical and cleavage furrow microtubules.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970070410
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell-cycle modulation of MPM-2-specific spindle pole body phosphorylation in Aspergillus nidulans (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 10 (1988), S. 432-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mitosis ; microtubule organizing centers ; cell cycle mutants ; phosphoproteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: MPM-2 is a monoclonal antibody that interacts with mitosis-specific phosphorylated proteins in many different organisms. Immunocytochemistry of tissue culture cells has shown that MPM-2 stains centrosomes, chromosomes, kinetochores, and spindles. In this paper, we demonstrate that MPM-2 staining colocalizes with the spindle pole body (SPB) of Aspergillus nidulans and that SPB staining varies during the mitotic cycle. In an unsynchronized population, about one-fourth to one-third of the cells stain with MPM-2 at the spindle plaques or SPBs. Nuclei in mitosis have two SPBs localized at the ends of the spindle, both of which stain with MPM-2. To determine when MPM-2 staining appears, we have examined the effects of temperature-sensitive cell-cycle mutations that block nuclear division in S or G2. Only a very small fraction of cells blocked in S-phase stain with MPM-2. In contrast, a large fraction of cells blocked in G2 stain brightly at the SPB. These data suggest that MPM-2 reactivity of SPBs appears in G2. Moreover, the fact that cells blocked in G2 showed MPM-2 staining but no spindles suggests that reactivity of SPBs occurs prior to mitosis but is not sufficient to trigger spindle formation. When G2-blocked cells were downshifted to permissive temperature, they generated a mitotic spindle with an SPB at each end. Both SPBs stained with MPM-2 in all of the mitotic cells.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970100310
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two α-tubulin genes of Aspergillus nidulans encode divergent proteins (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 225 (1991), S. 129-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Aspergillus ; α-Tubuln sequence ; Transcription ; Genetic mapping ; Molecular disruption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have isolated and analyzed the tubA and tubB α-tubulin genes of Aspergillus nidulans. The nucleotide sequences of these genes predict polypeptides of 447 amino acids for tubA and 450 for tubB. The predicted amino acid sequences exhibit 28% divergence between the two polypeptides. This is the second known case of such high divergence between α-tubulins within the same species. The tubB gene is unique in that it codes for an extra glycine residue between what are usually the second and third amino acids. RNA blot analysis demonstrates that the tubA and tubB transcripts are each 1.8 kb long. The level of tubA transcript remains the same throughout the cell cycle. The level of tubB transcript does not change at any particular stage in the cell cycle but increases continuously during spore germination. The tubA gene was previously mapped to linkage group eight, and we have now mapped the tubB gene to linkage group four. Gene disruption in heterokaryons suggests that the phenotypic consequences of disruption are different for the tubA and tubB genes. Molecular disruption of tubA results in a block in nuclear division whereas in tubB it gives rise to abnormal cell and nuclear morphology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282651
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The genetic analysis of mitosis in Aspergillus nidulans (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    BioEssays 10 (1989), S. 196-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0265-9247
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We describe here recent work on the molecular genetics of mitosis in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Aspergillus is one of three simple eukaryotes with powerful genetic systems that have been used to analyze mitosis. The modern molecular biological techniques available with this organism have made it possible to use mutations to identify genes and proteins that play an important role in mitosis. Three Aspergillus genes that affect mitosis are described. One gene, nimA, is specifically expressed late in the cell cycle and codes for a putative protein kinase that induces mitosis, even in cells blocked in S-phase. The second gene, bimG, codes for a putative phosphatase that interacts functionally with the nimA kinase. The third gene, bimE, codes for a protein that suppresses mitosis during interphase, apparently by keeping nimA turned off. None of these genes appear to be similar to any of the genes affecting mitosis that have been characterized in other eukaryotes, but rather appear to be elements of a system that prevents mitosis from occurring during interphase.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.950100605
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