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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.10 ; 81.60 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experiments that demonstrate quantitatively the importance of laser absorption dynamics for ultraviolet laser ablation of organic materials are presented. Laser pulse transmission measurements have been performed on 0.1 μm spin-coated polyimide films at three ultraviolet wavelengths (193 nm, 248 nm, and 355 nm) over the fluence range 10−3 −10 J/cm2. Target transmission is observed to increase with increasing fluence by a factor of ∼5 at 193 nm, and a factor of ∼10 at 248 nm. In contrast, transmission decreases by approximately one half during 355 nm target irradiation. These results are analyzed theoretically with a two-level model of chromophore absorption. This theory is also applied to reported pulsed UV-laser polyimide ablation data. It is shown that an accurate description of the fluence-dependent film absorption leads to a prediction of the etch depth versus pulse fluence relationship in good agreement with experimental data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 82 (1985), S. 4862-4866 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The absorption cross section for the lowest-lying, bound excited state (4 2Γ) of Xe2Cl has been measured at several wavelengths in the ultraviolet (UV). Temporally isolating the excited Xe2Cl species in Xe/Cl2 gas mixtures has been accomplished by producing XeCl molecules in the B state by photoassociation [Xe+Cl+(h-dash-bar)ω → XeCl(B)] at λ=308 nm. Collisional mixing of the lowest lying ion pair states of the excimer subsequently forms the XeCl species in its C state. Following the formation of Xe2Cl* from XeCl(B,C) by a three-body collision, the long radiative lifetime of the trimer (〉200 ns) relative to those for the XeCl B and C levels is exploited to ensure that the triatomic molecule is the predominant species when the experiments are performed. A second UV laser pulse depletes the Xe2Cl(4 2Γ) population by photoexcitation [as evidenced by the sudden suppression of the 4 2Γ → 1 2Γ blue-green (λ∼485 nm) fluorescence] and the absorption cross section is determined from the dependence of the degree of fluorescence suppression on the laser intensity. Contrary to the known Xe+21(1/2)u → 2(1/2)gUV absorption profile, Xe2Cl(4 2Γ) exhibits significant absorption at wavelengths as low as 193 nm, whereas the dimer ion absorption at 248 nm is only a fraction of its peak (λ∼340 nm) value. Photoionization of excited Xe2Cl at wavelengths below ∼275 nm may be responsible for the cross sections measured for photon energies as large as 6.4 eV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 85 (1986), S. 1757-1769 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Excitation spectra of the 5s 3Σ+u(1u,0−u) state of the Kr2 molecule have been obtained in the wavelength interval 335≤λ(approximately-less-than)545 nm by monitoring atomic Kr emission at 758.7 nm (5p[1/2]0→5s[3/2]1) that accompanies dye laser excitation of the neutral excited molecule. The dominant peaks in the spectrum are identified as arising from np 3Πg←5s 3Σ+u Rydberg transitions where 7≤n≤18. The series limit and quantum defect δ for this series have been determined to be 28 471.9±3.9 cm−1 (351.12±0.05 nm) and 2.629±0.004, respectively, and the vibrational frequency ωe of the 5s 3Σ+u(1u,0−u) excimer has been estimated to be ∼195 cm−1. All of the observed Rydberg states have an A 2Σ+1/2u[1(1/2)u] ion core. Comparison of the np 3Πg←5s 3Σ+u series limit and the ionization potential of Kr* 5s[3/2]2 shows that the A 2Σ+1/2u ground state dimer ion is ∼0.55 eV more deeply bound than is the Kr2 5s 3Σ+u neutral species. Also, dissociation energies of the np 3ΠgRydbergs are shown to be nearly identical to that of the A 2Σ+1/2u dimer ion state. A second series of spectral peaks has also been identified and assigned to n′p 3Σ+g ←5s 3Σ+u transitions. Analysis of the series yielded a limit of 28 424±120 cm−1 and a quantum defect of 3.39±0.04. Two members of a third, unidentified series having a quantum defect of 3.24±0.01 and also converging to A 2Σ+1/2u (v′=0) have been observed. Absolute photoabsorption cross sections for the np 3Πg←5s 3Σ+u (7≤n≤18) transitions have also been determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 1830-1832 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Reflectivity measurements of the backsurface of thin polyimide films indicate a transient decrease in reflectivity during ArF (193 nm) excimer laser ablation. The posterior surface reflectivity is decreased by 20%–40% over the range of incident laser fluences from 75 to 175 mJ/cm2, respectively. The results are discussed within the framework of a theoretical model of saturable absorption, and calculations are presented which are in good agreement with the experimental results. It is concluded that the observed decrease in reflectivity is the result of transient changes in the optical properties within the solid polymer material which occur during ultraviolet laser ablation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 2759-2766 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The dynamics of polyimide ablation plume particles generated during ArF excimer laser (193 nm) ablation were investigated using time-resolved, laser light scattering and Raman spectroscopy. The evolution of plume particle size is determined over a range of 300–1150 μm above the polymer target surface. Raman-scattering measurements of the ablation plume allow in situ identification of the particle composition, which is equivalent to flame generated soot. The total mass of particulate carbon within the plume accounts for approximately 1% of the total carbon mass within the ablated polyimide. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the size and morphology of collected plume particles, which were found to correlate remarkably with the light-scattering results. The formation of particulate carbon within the ablation plume is apparently complete within 500 μm above the polymer surface, corresponding to a time scale of 30 μs, and then gives way to carbon oxidation at greater heights. It is concluded that particulate carbon is formed within the resulting ablation plume, with subsequent particle growth and oxidation processes being important in the evolution of the particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 6982-6984 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The diffuse reflectivity of polyimide during pulsed 193-nm excimer laser irradiation has been compared to the specular reflectivity of the material over the fluence range 0.6–190 mJ/cm2. Diffuse reflectivity is observed to decrease with increasing fluence by a factor of ∼3 over the intensity range, and remains a roughly constant fraction (0.3–0.4) of total target reflectivity. These results indicate that appreciable scattering of reflected laser radiation out of the specular direction does not occur under ablation conditions, and therefore cannot account for the specularly reflected pulse truncation observed previously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 71 (1992), S. 3510-3514 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The time-resolved reflectivity of ArF laser-irradiated polyimide has been investigated. Substantial attenuation of the trailing portion of the reflected laser pulse is observed, and the initiation of detectable pulse clipping coincides with the ablation threshold fluence. Examination of laser light scattered into small and moderate angles shows no evidence of significant ablation-plume scattering of the reflected beam. The time course of the recovery of the ultraviolet reflectivity of the irradiation site has also been studied using pump-probe techniques. These results indicate that for ablative fluences the ultraviolet reflectivity of the site does not return to its preablation value until nearly 1 ms after the incident pulse. The dynamic reflectivity is at least partially due to optical changes in the solid polymer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Biomedical diagnostics ; Breast implant leakage ; Optical spectroscopy ; Partial least squares ; Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) ; Raman spectroscopy ; Silicone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a preliminary application of Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with the chemometric method of partial least squares to predict silicone concentrations in homogenous turbid samples. The chemometric technique is applied to Raman spectra to develop an empirical, linear model relating sample spectra to polydimethylsiloxane (silicone) concentration. This is done using a training set of samples having optical properties and known concentrations representative of those unknown samples to be predicted. Partial least squares, performed via cross-validation, was able to predict silicone concentrations in good agreement with true values. The detection limit obtained for this preliminary investigation is similar to that reported in the magnetic resonance spectroscopy literature. The data acquisition time for this Raman-based method is 200 s which compares favourably with the 17 h acquisition required for magnetic resonance spectroscopy to obtain a similar sensitivity. The combination of Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics shows promise as a tool for quantification of silicone concentrations from turbid samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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