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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary Diallel Analysis of Anther Culture Response in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 113 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A four-parent complete dialleld mating-set of three Triticum aestivum L. cultivars ‘Edwall’, ‘Chris’ and ‘Spillman’, and an alloplasmic line of ‘Selkirk’ in Aegilops variabilis Eig. cytoplasm was used. Genetic components among total variation for callus induction, green plant percentage and green plant yield werr 92%, 80% and 77%, respectively, but lower (36%) for plant regeneration. General combining ability (GCA) variance components and narrow-sense heritabilities estimated for callus induction, green plant pereentnge and green plant yield were 74%, 66%, and 53%, and 0.68, 0.54 and 0.43. respectively. Specific combining ability (SCA) variancw was calculated as 85%) of total genctie variation for plant regeneration. Significant reciprocal effects for callus induction. green plant percentage and green plant yield were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1994.tb00700.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zinc deficiency as a critical problem in wheat production in Central Anatolia (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 180 (1996), S. 165-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bread wheat ; calcareous soil ; Central Anatolia ; durum wheat ; genetic differences ; zinc deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a soil and plant survey, and in field and greenhouse experiments the nutritional status of wheat plants was evaluated for Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in Central Anatolia, a semi-arid region and the major wheat growing area of Turkey. All 76 soils sampled in Central Anatolia were highly alkaline with an average pH of 7. 9. More than 90% of soils contained less than 0.5 mg kg-1 DTPA-extractable Zn, which is widely considered to be the critical deficiency concentration of Zn for plants grown on calcareous soils. About 25% of soils contained less than 2.5 mg kg-1 DTPA-extractable Fe which is considered to be the critical deficiency concentration of Fe for plants. The concentrations of DTPA-extractable Mn and Cu were in the sufficiency range. Also the Zn concentrations in leaves were very low. More than 80% of the 136 leaf samples contained less than 10 mg Zn kg−1. By contrast, concentrations of Fe, Mn and Cu in leaves were in the sufficient range. In the field experiments at six locations, application of 23 kg Zn ha-1 increased grain yield in all locations. Relative increases in grain yield resulting from Zn application ranged between 5% to 554% with a mean of 43%. Significant increases in grain yield (more than 31%) as a result of Zn application were found for the locations where soils contained less than 0.15 mg kg-1 DTPA-extractable Zn. In pot experirnents with two bread (Triticum aestivum, cvs. Gerek-79 and Kirac-66) and two durum wheats (Triticum durum, cvs. Kiziltan-91 and Kunduru-1149), an application of 10 mg Zn kg-1 soil enhanced shoot dry matter production by about 3.5-fold in soils containing 0.11 mg kg-1 and 0.15 mg kg-1 DTPA-extractable Zn. Results from both field observations and greenhouse experiments showed that durum wheats were more susceptible to Zn deficiency than the bread wheats. On Zn deficient soils, durum wheats as compared to bread wheats developed deficiency symptoms in shoots earlier and to a greater extent, and had lower Zn concentration in shoot tissue and lower Zn content per shoot than the bread wheats. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that (i) Zn deficiency is a critical nutritional problem in Central Anatolia substantially limiting wheat production, (ii) durum wheats possess higher sensitivity to Zn deficient conditions than bread wheats, and (iii) wheat plants grown in calcareous soils containing less than 0.2 mg kg-1 DTPA-extractable Zn significantly respond to soil Zn applications. The results also indicate that low levels of Zn in soils and plant materials (i.e. grains) could be a major contributing factor for widespread occurrence of Zn deficiency in children in Turkey, whose diets are dominated by cereal-based foods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015299
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential response of rye, triticale, bread and durum wheats to zinc deficiency in calcareous soils (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 188 (1997), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: genotypic differences ; rye ; triticale ; wheat ; zinc deficiency ; zinc efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out to study the response of rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Aslim), triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmark. cv. Presto), two bread wheats (Triticum aestivum L, cvs. Bezostaja-1 and Atay-85) and two durum wheats (Triticum durum L. cvs. Kunduru-1149 and C-1252) to zinc (Zn) deficiency and Zn fertilization in severely Zn-deficient calcareus soils (DTPA-Zn=0.09 mg kg-1 soil). The first visible symptom of Zn deficiency was a reduction in shoot elongation followed by the appearance of whitish-brown necrotic patches on the leaf blades. These symptoms were either absent or only slight in rye and triticale, but occurred more rapidly and severely in wheats, particularly in durum wheats. The same was true for the decrease in shoot dry matter production and grain yield. For example, in field experiments at the milk stage, decreases in shoot dry matter production due to Zn deficiency were absent in rye, and were on average 5% in triticale, 34% in bread wheats and 70%, in durum wheats. Zinc fertilization had no effect on grain yield in rye but enhanced grain yield of the other cereals. Zinc efficiency of cereals, expressed as the ratio of yield (shoot dry matter or grain) produced under Zn deficiency compared to Zn fertilization were, on average, 99% for rye, 74% for triticale, 59% for bread wheats and 25% for durum wheats. These distinct differences among and within the cereal species in susceptibility to Zn deficiency were closely related to the total amount (content) of Zn per shoot, but not with the Zn concentrations in shoot dry matter. For example, the most Zn-efficient rye and the Zn-inefficient durum wheat cultivar C-1252 did not differ in shoot Zn concentration under Zn deficiency, but the total amount of Zn per whole shoot was approximately 6-fold higher in rye than the durum wheat. When Zn was applied, rye and triticale accumulated markedly more Zn both per whole shoot and per unit shoot dry matter in comparison to wheats. The results demonstrate an exceptionally high Zn efficiency of rye and show that among the cereals studied Zn efficiency declines in the order rye〉triticale〉bread wheat〉durum wheat. The differences in expression of Zn efficiency are possibly related to a greater capacity of efficient genotypes to acquire Zn from the soil compared to inefficient genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004247911381
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phytosiderophore release in bread and durum wheat genotypes differing in zinc efficiency (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 180 (1996), S. 183-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: genotypes ; phytosiderophores ; wheat ; zinc deficiency ; zinc efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the zinc (Zn) nutritional status on the rate of phytosiderophore release was studied in nutrient solution over 20 days in four bread wheat (Triticum aestivum cvs. Kiraç-66, Gerek-79, Aroona and Kirkpinar) and four durum wheat (Triticum durum cvs. BDMM-19, Kunduru-1149, Kiziltan-91 and Durati) genotypes differing in Zn efficiency. Visual Zn deficiency symptoms, such as whitish-brown necrosis on leaves and reduction in plant height appeared first and more severe in Zn-inefficient durum wheat genotypes Kiziltan-91, Durati and Kunduru-1149. Compared to the bread wheat genotypes, all durum wheat genotypes were more sensitive to Zn deficiency. BDMM-19 was the least affected durum wheat genotype. Among the bread wheat genotypes, Kirkpinar was the most sensitive genotype. In all genotypes well supplied with Zn, the rate of phytosiderophore release was very low and did not exceed 1 μmol 32 plants-1 3h-1, or 0.5 μmol g-1 root dry wt 3h-1. However, under Zn deficiency, with the onset of visual Zn deficiency symptoms, the release of phytosiderophores was enhanced in bread wheat genotypes up to 7.5 μmol 32 plants-1 3h-1, or 9 μmol g-1 root dry wt 3h-1, particularly in Zn-efficient Kiraç-66, Gerek-79 and Aroona. In contrast to bread wheat genotypes, phytosiderophore release in Zn-deficient durum wheat genotypes remained at a very low rate. Among the durum wheat genotypes BDMM-19 had highest rate of phytosiderophore release. HPLC analysis of root exudates showed that 2′-deoxymugineic acid (DMA) is the dominating phytosiderophore released from roots of Zn-efficient genotypes. In root extracts concentration of DMA was also much higher in Zn-efficient than in inefficient genotypes. The results demonstrate that enhanced synthesis and release of phytosiderophores at deficient Zn supply is involved in Zn efficiency in wheat genotypes. It is suggested that the expression of Zn efficiency mechanism is causally related to phytosiderophore-mediated enhanced mobilization of Zn from sparingly soluble Zn pools and from adsorption sites, both in the rhizosphere and plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015301
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on differential response of wheat cultivars to boron toxicity (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bread wheat ; durum ; genotypical variation ; boron toxicity ; boron concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were carried out to study the differential responses of different wheat cultivars to boron toxicity in field, greenhouse and growth chamber conditions. In field trials carried out at two locations, both of which are known to contain toxic amounts of water-extractable B, significant correlations were obtained between toxicity symptoms and grain yields. The only durum cultivar included in this group of experiments (Kunduru 1149) was the most sensitive of the 21 cultivars trialed. The most tolerant cultivars were of local origin. Genotype-environment interaction was considerably large. Twenty-nine bread wheat and three durum wheat cultivars were compared in a greenhouse experiment with and without the application of 40 mg L-1 B. Again, the durums were the most sensitive cultivars. The most tolerant cultivars were either selections from local populations or had at least one parent of local origin. The detrimental effect of B on root dry matter production was much higher than on shoot dry matter (45 and 26%, respectively), but genotypical variation was greater in shoot growth retardation. While this implies the possible role of reduced translocation, high concentrations of B in the shoots of tolerant cultivars (though lower than in the sensitive cultivars) indicated the existence of other contributing mechanisms, such as tissue tolerance. Also, greater genotypical variation in older leaves showed that reduced uptake might be more important than reduced translocation in some cases. Due to the lack of correlation between results from the field and the controlled-environment studies, it was concluded that screenings should be undertaken in both situations as a means of verification. Another conclusion drawn was that symptom scoring for B tolerance was more reliable than measuring plant B concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018312124300
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytoplasmic effects on quality traits of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 189-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cytoplasmic effects ; inheritance ; quality ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The inheritances of thousand kernel weight (TKW), protein percentage, protein quality and grain hardness were studied through an 11 x 11 complete diallel set of bread wheat genotypes consisting of four alloplasmic lines of Selkirk, two alloplasmic lines of Siete Cerros 66, and five commercial cultivars. Genetic components accounted for 93%, 90%, 78%, and 92% of total variation for TKW, protein percentage, protein quality, and grain hardness, respectively. General combining ability (GCA) effects were dominant for TKW (48% GCA, 38% SCA [specific combining ability], and 7% reciprocal effects [RE]), protein percentage (70% GCA, 10% SCA, and 10% RE), and grain hardness (59% GCA, 29% SCA, and 4% RE). However, SCA effects dominated for protein quality (30% GCA, 43% SCA, and 5% RE). Broad- and narrow-sense heritabilities were estimated at 0.95 and 0.65 for TKW, 0.94 and 0.82 for protein percentage, 0.83 and 0.47 for protein quality, and 0.95 and 0.74 for grain hardness. Reciprocal effects were highly significant for all quality traits, but less effective than additive and non-additive gene effects. Aegilops cylindrica, Ae. ventricosa, and Triticum turgidum cytoplasms showed positive effects on TKW in some crosses. Ae. cylindrica, Ae. variabilis, and Ae. uniaristata cytoplasms seemed to have potential for improving protein percentage. T. aestivum cytoplasms were superior to alien cytoplasms for protein quality. Bolal 2973, Kiraç 66 and Bezostaja 1 cytoplasms increased protein quality in some crosses. Ae. cylindrica, Ae. variabilis, Ae. ventricosa and Ae. uniaristata cytoplasms had significant effects on grain hardness. The cytoplasmic variation in B type T. aestivum cytoplasm was found to be significant for all traits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018382106978
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Screening for zinc efficiency among wheat relatives and their utilisation for alien gene transfer (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 281-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: zinc efficiency ; zinc deficiency ; alien chromosome transfer ; cereals ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetic diversity for micronutrient efficiency among the most highly adapted and advanced hexaploid and tetraploid wheat cultivars in the world is limited compared with alien species of wheat or rye. Therefore, screening for zinc efficiency was conducted in greenhouse experiments under controlled conditions, and in field trials. Different varieties of hexaploid wheat, hexaploid oats and diploid rye, together with hexaploid and octoploid triticales, wheat-Agropyron, wheat-Aegilops and several wheat-alien chromosome addition series were studied. Considerable differences in zinc efficiency were found between wheat and its relatives. Individual chromosomes of Secale, Agropyron and Haynaldia were found to carry major genes for this character. The transfer of alien chromosome segments was effective, demonstrated using several wheat-rye translocation lines. Alien genetic information was clearly expressed in the wheat genetic background. Further experimental introgressions by chromosome manipulation and marker-aided selection may efficiently contribute to wheat improvement in marginal soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018376827876
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological and physiological differences in the response of cereals to zinc deficiency (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 349-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cereals ; genotypical differences ; zinc deficiency ; zinc efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Greenhouse and growth chamber experiments were carried out using seven bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), three durum wheat (T. durum), two rye (Secale cereale), three barley (Hordeum vulgare), two triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) and one oat (Avena sativa) cultivars to study response to zinc (Zn) deficiency and Zn fertilisation in nutrient solution and in a severely Zn deficient calcareous soil. Visual Zn deficiency symptoms, such as whitish-brown necrotic patches on leaf blades, developed rapidly and severely in the durum wheat and oat cultivars. Bread wheat showed great genotypic differences in sensitivity to Zn deficiency. In triticale and rye, visual deficiency symptoms were either absent or appeared only slightly, while barley showed a moderate sensitivity. When grown in soil, average decreases in shoot dry matter production due to Zn deficiency were 15% for rye, 25% for triticale, 34% for barley, 42% for bread wheat, 63% for oat and 65% for durum wheat. Differential Zn efficiency among and within cereal species was better related to the total amount of Zn per shoot, but not to the Zn concentration in the shoot dry matter. However, in leaves of Zn efficient rye and bread wheat cultivars, the activity of Zn-containing superoxide dismutase was greater than in Zn inefficient bread and durum wheat cultivars, suggesting higher amounts of physiologically active Zn in leaf tissue of efficient genotypes. When grown in nutrient solution, there was a poor relationship between Zn efficiency and release rate of Zn-chelating phytosiderophores from roots, but uptake of labelled Zn (65Zn) and its translocation to the shoot was higher in the Zn efficient rye and bread wheat cultivars than in inefficient bread and durum wheat cultivars. The results demonstrate that susceptibility of cereals to Zn deficiency decline in the order durum wheat 〉 oat 〉 bread wheat 〉 barley 〉 triticale 〉 rye. The results also show that expression of high Zn efficiency in cereals was causally related to enhanced capability of genotypes to take up Zn from soils and use it efficiently in tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018318005103
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface effects of solvents in hydrolysis of water-soluble lipids by candidal lipase (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 1213-1218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the study of hydrolysis of tributyrin by the lipase of Candida cylindracea, it is shown that initial rates of hydrolysis are directly proportional to the amount of enzyme adsorbed at the substrate-water interface. As a consequence of understanding the role of the physical state of the substrate in aqueous reaction media, it was hypothesized that the inclusion of synthetic (nonsubstrate) surfaces into the reaction media may enhance the hydrolysis rate of simple liquid lipids which are partly soluble in water, like triacetin. Nonpolar n-hydrocarbons having 5-11 carbon atoms were used to create interfaces in the hydrolysis of triacetin in the soluble range. All of the C5-C11 hydrocarbons showed an activating effect. For quantitative evaluation of the effects of n-hydrocarbons, n-heptane was chosen as the model n-hydrocarbon. Interrelations between the reaction kinetics and adsorption of the enzyme at the n-heptane-water interface were experimentally determined by the use of the same in-line filtration device used for the tributyrin-water system. At 35°C and pH 6 the relative values of the rate constants for the decomposition of enzyme-interface-substrate complexes were calculated as 12 and 1 for the tributyrin and n-heptane-triacetin systems, respectively. The nature of activation at the solvent surfaces were accounted for by a kinetic model which assumes simultaneous adsorption of enzyme and triacetin molecules at the n-heptane-water interface. Making use of the proposed model, the value of a the apparent Michaelis constant for the soluble triacetin-n-heptane system at constant n-heptane concentration, 2 vol %, was calculated as 0.044 mol/L.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260330919
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