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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; sulfidation/oxidation ; hot corrosion ; nickel alloys ; cobalt alloys ; oxide dispersions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The presence of a fine dispersion of a stable oxide is known to have a beneficial effect on the oxidation resistance of nickel- and cobalt-base heat-resisting alloys. This paper presents some preliminary experimental results relating to the hot-corrosion resistance of these alloys. Alloys forming Cr 2O3 scales appear to be resistant to oxidation when coated with sodium sulfate, whereas an alloy normally forming an Al 2O3 scale suffers accelerated attack. During sulfidation some of the alloys suffer an accelerated degradation, with sulfur penetrating rapidly along what appear to be grain boundaries. The same effect is noted in sulfidation-oxidation experiments, when the Cr 2O3-forming alloys suffer accelerated oxidation, the effect of the dispersoid being apparently removed. An Al 2O3-forming alloy resists this form of attack well. The sodium sulfate-coated test is probably a good guide to the behavior under weakly corroding conditions, whereas the sulfidation-oxidation test may give a better indication of the behavior under highly aggressive conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 45-67 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; hot corrosion ; nickel alloys ; composites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation and hot corrosion behavior of a tungsten-fiber, reinforced Ni~ 20Cr alloy has been examined under the following exposure conditions: (a) pure oxygen at 1 atm pressure; (b) sulfidation in H2–10 %H2S; (c) presulfidation in H2–10 %H2S followed by oxidation in oxygen; and (d) oxidation in 1 atm oxygen after precoating with approximately 1 mg/cm2 of Na2SO4. Rapid oxidation of the tungsten fibers causes considerable distortion of the matrix and catastrophic degradation of the matrix follows. Inter diffusion between the matrix and the fibers is also important. During sulfidation, only the matrix forms sulfides, the fibers remaining unaffected. Consequently, presulfidation, although having a dramatic effect on the oxidation of the matrix does not have a damaging effect on the fibres. Equally, the presence of sodium sulfate is not critical, although severe oxidation of the exposed tungsten fibers is still observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A range of Co-Cr binary alloys, containing from 1 to 25 wt.% Cr, and Co-25 wt.% Cr-C alloys, containing 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wt.% C, have been oxidized at 1000°C after a preliminary sulfidation treatment under conditions where only chromium sulfide, CrS, was formed. Presulfidation has little significant effect on the subsequent overall oxidation rate, although it markedly increases the rate of deterioration of the alloy structure. The sulfur liberated by the oxidation does not escape to the atmosphere, but diffuses inward into the alloy, producing morphologies similar to those observed in hot corrosion and in laboratory tests involving molten sodium sulfate. The activity of sulfur beneath the oxide increases as the oxidation proceeds and, in some cases, becomes high enough to form liquid cobalt sulfides. This leads to an irregular oxidation front penetrating deeply into the alloy causing its fragmentation and incorporation into the oxide scale. This, too, is characteristic of hot corrosion behavior. From this it appears that the role of the sulfide may possibly have been underestimated in recent work and the importance of the molten salt chemistry overemphasized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of presulfidation in H2-H2S atmospheres of sulfur activity sufficient to form cobalt and chromium sulfides on the oxidation rates of Co-Cr binary alloys containing 0–25 wt.% Cr and Co-25 wt.% Cr alloys containing 0–2 wt.% C have been investigated. Presulfidation increases the oxidation rate, but the effect is not very dramatic. Carbon additions to the Co-25 wt.% Cr alloy progressively increase the oxidation rate, but not to as great an extent as a simple model based on the reduction of the chromium activity in the alloy. Sulfur released from the preformed sulfides by oxidation diffuses into the alloy precipitating fresh sulfides, there appears to be no outward diffusion of sulfur through the oxide scale. These internal sulfides have a liquid-like morphology in cobalt-base alloys when the oxidation is carried out at 1000°C, as compared to 800°C in corresponding nickel-base alloys. When the sulfide layer produced during the presulfidation is thin, so that oxidation destroys the continuous sulfide layer, the subsequent scale morphologies after oxidation exhibit many features similar to samples subjected to hot corrosion in environments containing sodium sulfate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 338-343 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einfluß von Kohlenstoff auf die Sulfidierung von Kobalt-Tantal-LegierungenDie Sulfidierung von Kobalt-Tantal-Kohlenstofflegierungen (10 bzw. 15 Massen-% Ta, 0-1 C) wurde in einem H2/H2S-Gemisch mit 10 Vol.-% H2S durchgeführt. Die Reaktionskinetik bei 800-1000°C wurde gravimetrisch untersucht, und der Zunder wurde mittels metallographischer Methoden und Röntgenbeugung analysiert. Unter diesen Bedingungen konnte die Bildung von flüssigen kobaltreichen Sulfiden durch die genannten Tantalmengen nicht unterdrückt werden, weshalb die Sulfidierung mit hoher Geschwindigkeit erfolgte. Bei abnehmender Temperatur kam es zur Verteilung der Tantalsulfide in einer dünnen Zunderschicht, wobei der Transport von Kobalt durch die innere Schicht mit ausreichender Geschwindigkeit erfolgte und eine äußere geschmolzene Zunderschicht entstehen konnte. Der enttäuschende Einfluß des Tantals auf die Sulfidierungsbeständigkeit wird der Tatsache zugeschrieben, daß tantalreiche Sulfide nicht in der Lage sind, eine durchgehende Schicht zu bilden. Zunehmende Kohlenstoffgehalte in der Legierung führen zu einer allerdings nicht dramatischen Erhöhung der Sulfidierungsgeschwindigkeit.
    Notes: The sulphidation of cobalt-tantalum-carbon alloys containing 10 and 15 wt% Ta and carbon in the range 0-1 wt%, was carried out in H2-H2S mixture containing 10% by volume H2S. The reaction kinetics at 800-1000°C were followed thermo-gravimetrically and the scale products examined in detail using metallographic and X-ray diffraction techniques. In these sulphidation conditions (10% H2S - 90% H2) addition of 10 and 15% Ta to cobalt was unable to suppress the formation of liquid cobalt-rich sulphides; consequently, very rapid rates of alloy consumption were attained. Decreasing the temperature resulted in the distribution of the tantalum sulphides in a fine scale. Transport of cobalt through the inner layer was sufficiently rapid to form an outer, molten sulphide layer. The inability of tantalum-rich sulphides to develop into a continuous layer appears to be responsible for the disappointing effect of tantalum on the sulphidation resistance. Increasing carbon contents in the alloy increase the sulphidation rate, but the increase is not very dramatic.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 38 (1987), S. 422-431 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Oxidation von Kohlenstoff enthaltenden Kobalt-Tantal-LegierungenKobalt-Tantal-Kohlenstofflegierungen mit 10-15 Gew.-% Tantal und 0-1 Gew.-% Kohlenstoff wurden bei Atmosphärendruck und 900, 1000 und 1100°C in Sauerstoff und Luft oxidiert. Die Oxidation verlief nach einem parabolischen Zeitgesetz mit einer Aktivierungsenergie von etwa 38 Kcal/mol. Der Zusatz von Tantal verringert allgemein die Oxidationsgeschwindigkeit von Kobalt, auch im Vergleich mit der gleichen Menge Chrom. Auch Kohlenstoff verringert die Oxidation von CoTa-Legierungen im Vergleich zu den kohlenstoffreien Legierungen. Der auf CoTa-Legierungen im Vergleich zu den kohlenstoffreien Legierungen. Der auf CoTa und CoTaC entstehende Zunder besteht hauptsächlich aus einer äußeren Lage von Kobaltoxid (CoO) und einer inneren porösen Schicht, die aus einem Gemisch von Kobaltoxid (CoO), Tantaloxid (Ta2O5) und einer festen Lösung dieser beiden Oxide besteht; hierbei handelt es sich um CoTaO4. Dieser Aufbau wird im gesamten untersuchten Temperaturbereich gefunden. In den binären Legierungen mit 10 und 15% Ta kommt es zu innerer Oxidation an der inneren Zunderschicht. Die Dichte der inneren Phase steigt mit dem Tantalgehalt. Die Anwesenheit des Kohlenstoffs in den ternären CoTaC-Legierungen wirkt sich nur geringfügig aus; eine bevorzugte Penetration entlang dem Tantalcarbidnetzwerk ist nicht festzustellen. Im Gegensatz zu den Carbiden in CoCrC-Legierungen, in denen die Carbide bevorzugt angegriffen werden, wird im Fall der CoTaC-Legierungen die äußere Zunderschicht durch die entstehenden gasförmigen Kohlenstoffoxide aufgerissen.
    Notes: The oxidation of cobalt-tantalum carbon alloys, containing 10 and 15 wt.% Ta and carbon in the range 0-1 wt%, was carried out in oxygen and air at atmospheric pressure at 900, 1000 and 1100°C. The alloys oxidised according to the parabolic rate law with activation energy of about 38 Kcal/mole. In general, the addition of tantalum decreases the oxidation rates, in comparison with cobalt and with the same mass of chromium added to cobalt. Again, the presence of carbon in the Co-Ta alloys decreases its oxidation rates in comparison with carbon-free alloys. The scales formed on Co-Ta and Co-Ta-C alloys consist mainly of an outer layer of cobalt oxide, CoO, and an inner porous layer of mixture of oxides: cobalt oxide; CoO, tantalum oxide; Ta2O5, and solid solution of these two oxides; CoTaO4 at all temperatures in the range of 900°-1100°C. The binary Co -10% Ta and Co -15% Ta show an internal oxidation along the internal phase, increasing of alloy tantalum content increases the density of the internal phase. The presence of carbon in the ternary Co-Ta-C alloys has little effect and there is no apparent preferential penetration along the tantalum carbide network. In contrast to carbide present in Co-Cr-C alloys, where these carbides were preferentially attacked, the outer scale was disrupted, due to the formation of carbon gaseous oxides.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 910-916 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Hochtemperaturkorrosion von Nickellegierungen mit Aluminium und MolybdänUntersucht wurde der Einfluß einer Vorsulfidierung in Wasserstoff mit 10 % Schwefelwasserstoff (wo die Schwefelaktivität zur Bildung von Nickel- und Chromsulfiden ausreicht) auf das Oxidationsverhalten einiger NiCr-, NiCrAl-. NiCrMo- und NiCrAIMo-Legierungen. In biären Ni-I 5Cr-Legierungen verhindern disperse Chromsulfide in der Legierung die Bildung einer kontinuierlichen Cr203Schicht. Molybdän- und in geringerem Umfang Aluminiumgehalte erhöhen das Ausmaß des Angriffs nach der Vorsulfidierung, vor allem die Eindringtiefe der inneren Sulfide. Keines der beiden Elemente ist jedoch unter reinen Oxidationsbedingungen besonders nachteilig, zumindest in strömenden Gasen. Die Methode einer kurzen Vorsulfidierung mit anschließender Oxidation führt zu Korrosionsmorphologien, deren Erscheinungsbild weitgehend mit dem übereinstimmt, das bei der Hochtemperaturkorrosion in der Praxis gefunden wird; es ist wahrscheinlich, daß die RoNe des Schwefels bei neueren mechanischen Untersuchungen unterschätzt wurde.
    Notes: The effects of pre-sulphidation in H2- 10%H2S mixtures, where the sulphur activity is sufficient to form nickel and chromium sulphides, on the oxidation behaviour of a series of Ni-Cr, Ni-Cr-Al, Ni-Cr-Mo and Ni-Cr-AI-Mo alloys has been investigated. In binary Ni-15Cr alloys the presence of dispersed chromium sulphides in the alloy precludes the formation of a continuous Cr2O3 layer. The presence of molybdenum and to a lesser extent aluminium in the alloy increases the extent of attack after pre-sulphidation, particularly the depth of penetration of internal sulphides. Neither element is particularly deleterious under direct oxidation conditions, at least in flowing atmospheres. The technique of a brief pre-sulphidation treatment followed by oxidation is able to produce corrosion morphologies strikingly similar to those observed in practical hot corrosion conditions and it seems probable that the role of sulphur has been under- estimated in recent mechanistic investigations.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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