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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of taxol on microtubule arrays in cultured higher plant cells (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 6 (1986), S. 469-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: plant microtubules ; mitosis ; cytokinesis ; plant cell culture ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Treatment with 10 μm taxol disrupted mitotic and cytoplasmic arrays of microtubules (MT) in cultured cells of two higher plants, Vicia hajastana (vetch) and Zinnia elegans. When treated for 1, 24, and 48 h, cells in both cultures showed similar effects. After 1 h, multipolar arrays of MT were noted in prophase, large aster-like arrays of MT appeared in metaphase, and extra MT shared poles with otherwise normal-appearing metaphase and anaphase configurations. After 24 and 48 h, some phragmoplasts were multipartite or misplaced. In interphase cells, micronuclei and multinucleate cells were evidence of irregular mitosis and cytokinesis. Cytoplasmic MT in elongated cells were oriented parallel to, instead of at right angles to the long axis of the cell. Some interphase cells lost asymmetry while maintaining organized arrays of MT. Taxol appears to disrupt mitotic and cytoplasmic arrays of MT, seemingly overriding the mechanism(s) regulating MT polymerization and orientation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970060505
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential sorting of beta tubulin isotypes into colchicine-stable microtubules during neuronal and muscle differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 21 (1992), S. 313-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: pluripotent P19 EC cells ; immunoblotting ; indirect immunofluorescence microscopy ; microtubule-associated proteins ; MAP2 ; tau ; MAP IB ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Pluripotent P19 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells were differentiated along the neuronal and muscle pathways. Comparisons of class I, II, III, and IV beta tubulin isotypes in total and colchicine-stable microtubule (MT) arrays from uncommitted EC, neuronal, and muscle cells were made by immunoblotting and by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. In undifferentiated EC cells the relative amounts of these four isotypes are the same in both the total and stable MT populations. Subcellular sorting of beta tubulin isotypes was demonstrated in both neuronal and muscle differentiated cells. During neuronal differentiation, class II beta tubulin is preferentially incorporated into the colchicine-stable MTs while class III beta tubulin is preferentially found in the colchicine-labile MTs. The subcellular sorting of class II into stable MTs correlates with the increased staining of MAP IB. and with the expression of MAP 2C and tau. Although muscle differentiated cells express class II beta tubulin, stable MTs in these cells do not preferentially incorporate this isotype but instead show increased incorporation of class IV beta tubulin. Muscle cells do not show high levels of MAP IB and do not express MAP 2C or tau. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a subcellular sorting of tubulin isotypes is the result of a complex interaction between tubulin isotypes and MT-associated proteins.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970210407
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Establishment of a stable, acetylated microtubule bundle during neuronal commitment (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 169-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubules (acetylated) ; neuronal differentiation ; map 2 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two posttranslational modifications of alpha-tubulin, acetylation and detyrosination, are associated with stable microtubule (MT) populations, including those of neuronal processes. We have used a pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cell line, P19, to investigate changes in MT isotype and stability found in MT arrays during neurogenesis. This cell line has an advantage in that both commitment- and differentiation-related events can be observed. Uncommitted P19 cells have minimal arrays of acetylated and detyrosinated MTs. Following neuronal induction with retinoic acid (RA), indirect immunofluorescence microscopy shows that the first MT modifications occur during commitment and before any morphological change is observed. RA-induced cells initially polymerize a temporarily enlarged population of MTs. Included in this population is a new array of acetylated MTs arranged in a bundle of parallel MTs. This bundle is colchicine-stable, although no MT-associated proteins (MAPs) are detectable using a battery of anti-MAP antibodies. Observation of MT arrays with patterns that are intermediate between the early bundles and short neurites suggests that the acetylated MT bundle subsequently extends to form a neurite. MAP 2 is first detected at about the time of neurite extension. However, at this early stage of differentiation, MAP 2 is not yet limited to dendritic processes. This report provides the first evidence that the stable MTs of mature neurons may be initiated during neuronal commitment.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120306
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MTOCs in higher plant cells: an immunofluorescent study of microtubule assembly sites following depolymerization by APM (1988)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 144 (1988), S. 46-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Amiprophos-methyl ; Microtubule organizing center
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A one hour exposure to 3 μM amiprophos-methyl (APM) depolymerizes all MT arrays in cells from higher plant suspension cultures. On removal of APM, MT repolymerization sites are detected using immunofluorescent staining. During interphase, Mt arrays return uniformly dispersed across the cell cortex with transverse arrays in elongated cells and random arrays in isodiametric cells. During cell division, MT arrays return as follows: Prophase-MT arrays return in association with the nuclear envelope. Metaphase-MTs return associated with chromosomes. Teleophase-MTs return in apparent association with the reforming nuclear envelope and as aberrant phragmoplasts. MTOCs in higher plant cells may be membrane associated at many stages in the cell cycle. Isolated, condensed chromosomes are capable of nucleating MTs, which can attain small, spindle-like configurations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01320279
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Xylogenesis in tissue culture II: Microtubules, cell shape and secondary wall patterns (1986)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 133 (1986), S. 140-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Amiprophos-methyl (APM) ; Cell suspension cultures ; Differentiation ; Microtubules ; Tracheary elements ; Xylogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary InZinnia suspension cultures, two general categories of tracheary element (TE) secondary wall patterns can be distinguished: bands and webs. Band patterns are found in elongated cells or regions of cells, web patterns in isodiametric cells or regions of cells. Interphase cortical microtubule arrays, organized before overt differentiation occurs, determine both the shape of the cell and whether band or web patterns will be deposited at the time of TE formation. By altering cell shape and consequently also altering the interphase microtubule array, it is possible to control the type of wall pattern which is deposited. These results provide support for the hypothesis which states that the organization of interphase cortical microtubule arrays (i.e., random or parallel), which laterally associate during tracheary element differentiation, determines the pattern in which secondary walls will be deposited.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01304629
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amiprophos-methyl (APM): A rapid, reversible, anti-microtuble agent for plant cell cultures (1987)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 136 (1987), S. 118-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Amiprophos-methyl (APM) ; Microtubule inhibitor ; Plant cell cultures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In plant cell suspension cultures sensitive to the herbicide amiprophos-methyl (APM), 1 to 3 μM APM completely depolymerized both cortical and mitotic microtubule (MT) arrays in 1 hour. In comparison, a 2 hour application of 3 mM colchicine had no effect on MT arrays. Recovery from APM treatment occurred as early as 5 minutes after removal of APM. Short, cortical MTs were visible in 3 hours and complete MT arrays were found within 22 hours after drug removal. Sensitivity to APM-induced MT depolymerization varied according to species but was increased or decreased by varying the mitotic rate in cultures. The results indicated APM sensitivity was related to lowered stability of MT arrays in rapidly cycling cells. APM treatment may help distinguish “stabilized” cortical MTs in elongating cells and “nonstabilized” cortical MTs in rapidly dividing cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276360
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Xylogenesis in tissue culture: Taxol effects on microtubule reorientation and lateral association in differentiating cells (1985)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 128 (1985), S. 157-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cell suspension cultures ; Differentiation ; Microtubules ; Taxol ; Xylogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary InZinnia elegans tissue cultures, cortical microtubules reorient from longitudinal to transverse arrays as the culture age increases and before differentiation of tracheary elements is visible. The orientation of microtubules, in the period just before visible differentiation, determines the direction of the secondary wall bands in forming tracheary elements. Taxol, applied early in culture, stabilizes the microtubules of most cells in the longitudinal direction. Tracheary elements differentiating in these taxol treated cultures show secondary wall bands parallel to the long axis of the cell while those differentiating in control cultures always have wall bands transverse to the long axis of the cell. It is proposed that, in untreatedZinnia cultures, microtubules are reoriented by a gradual shift from longitudinal to transverse and this reorientation normally occurs before differentiation becomes visible. Once initiated, tracheary element differentiation involves lateral association of microtubules to form the discrete bands typical of secondary wall patterns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276337
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Xylogenesis in tissue culture III: Continuing wall deposition during tracheary element development (1988)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 144 (1988), S. 10-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Microtubule ; Tracheary element ; Xylogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary DifferentiatingZinnia cultures have two bursts of tracheary element (TE) formation which resemble the production of proto- and metaxylem in higher plants. TEs in the first burst have annular, spiral or reticulate secondary wall patterns while those in the second burst have reticulate, scalariform or pitted walls. Continuing wall deposition in TEs results in the transformation of annular or spiral patterns into scalariform or pitted. Indirect immunofluorescent observation of TE microtubules (MTs) during continuing wall deposition indicates an annular/spiral pattern is deposited first followed by the introduction of new arrays of MTs which guide later, in-filling wall deposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01320275
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunofluorescent and calcofluor white staining of developing tracheary elements inZinnia elegans L. Suspension cultures (1985)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 125 (1985), S. 190-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cell suspension cultures ; Differentiation ; Microfibril deposition ; Microtubules ; Xylogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Xylogenesis has been studied in primary suspension cultures ofZinnia elegans L.: The wall patterns produced in culture closely resemble those described for intact tissues (annular, spiral, reticulate, scalariform, pitted). Using fluorescence microscopy and immuno-cytochemical techniques we have followed both the changes in wall deposition and microtubule organization during xylogenesis. Calcofluor white has been used to detect secondary wall deposition before it can be observed using either phase contrast or polarization optics. The development of tracheary elements can be divided into three stages: 1. microtubules grouped into bands without secondary wall deposition evident; 2. groups of microtubules subtending wall material only visible using Calcofluor white; 3. a complex microtubule pattern reflected by well developed wall thickenings detected using Calcofluor, phase contrast and polarization optics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01281237
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