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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calorespirometry of developing embryos and yolk-sac larvae of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) (1995)
    Springer
    Marine biology 122 (1995), S. 157-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rates of oxygen consumption and heat dissipation were simultaneously measured and related to contents of glucose, glycogen and lactate in order to determine whether anaerobic processes contributed significantly to the energy metabolism of developing turbot embryos and larvae. The results suggest that metabolism is fully aerobic between Days 0 and 12 post fertilisation. The data further suggest that glycogen is the sole metabolic fuel during the first 18 to 19 h post fertilisation. After the commencement of epiboly, carbohydrates play an insignificant role in the energy metabolism of the developing embryo and yolk-sac larva.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349289
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Respiration and nitrogen metabolism of Atlantic halibut eggs (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) (1991)
    Springer
    Marine biology 108 (1991), S. 11-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Naturally spawned and fertilized eggs of Atlantic halibut,Hippoglossus hippoglossus L., were analysed for protein, free amino acids (FAA), ammonium ions and energy content. The chemical composition was found to be size-dependent but varied little during egg development. Ammonium ions did, however, accumulate during the late embryonic stage, and the trend in FAA content was downward during the same period. Rates of O2 uptake and NH3 excretion followed exponential patterns. A total of 1µmol O2 was consumed and 120 nmol NH3 excreted between the time intervals of fertilization and 1 d post hatch. Derived O:N ratios indicated that the dominant portion of the energy metabolism was lipid- or carbohydrate-based during the mid-development period but switched to FAA as hatch was approached.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01313466
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological energetics of developing embryos and yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). I. Respiration and nitrogen metabolism (1995)
    Springer
    Marine biology 124 (1995), S. 355-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper provides the basis for a general model of catabolic metabolism for developing embryos and yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Yolk-dependent routine rates of oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, and accumulation of ammonium ions were related to quantitative changes in contents of glucose, glycogen, lactate, free amino acids, proteins and lipid classes (lipid classes published separately) in order to determine the rate and sequence of catabolic substrate oxidation that occurs with development at 6.0°C, 34.5‰ S. The stoichiometric relation of the oxygen consumption and total ammonia production to substrate utilisation indicated that during the first 2 to 3 d of development, glycogen was the sole substrate of oxidative metabolism. After formation of the syncytium, free amino acids (75%) together with polar lipids (13%, mainly phosphatidyl choline) and neutral lipids (9%, mainly triacylglycerol) comprised the metabolic fuels of embryonic development. Following hatch (Day 16 post fertilisation), the fuels were free amino acids (32%), polar lipids (20%, mainly phosphatidyl choline), neutral lipids (17%, mainly triacylglycerol) and proteins (31%). Thus, the catabolic metabolism of endogenously feeding Atlantic cod larvae was predominantly fuelled by amino acids (67%) and lipids (32%), while glycogen only accounted for 1% of the total enthalpy dissipated. It is proposed that the above sequence of catabolic substrate oxidation is also generally applicable to other cold-water fishes which spawn eggs that do not contain oil glubules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00363909
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological energetics of developing embryos and yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). II. Lipid metabolism and enthalpy balance (1995)
    Springer
    Marine biology 124 (1995), S. 371-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents quantitative data for the changes in the contents of total lipids, lipid classes and their associated fatty acids, together with the changes in caloric contents of developing eggs and yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). During development between Day 0 to 28 post fertilisation, 32% of catabolic metabolism was fuelled by lipids. On a mass-specific basis, polar lipids (mainly phosphatidyl choline) contributed 60%, and neutral lipids (mainly triacyl-glycerol) contributed 40% to this catabolic component, with each class supplying similar amounts of fatty acids as fuel. The fatty acids supplied by phosphatidyl choline were catabolised non-selectively (i.e. in proportion to their presence in the egg), with about half of them being polyunsaturated. However, of the fatty acids esterified in triacylglycerol, the larvae showed an apparent oxidation preference for monoenes over polyunsaturates or saturates. Routine rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia production were related to the caloric contents of the eggs and larvae in order to derive an enthalpy balance equation (of the form P=C+R+E) for an Atlantic cod larva during its period of endogenous nutrition. For the interval of Day 0 to 25 post fertilisation (the period of yolk dependence), integration of the physiological and caloric data revealed that Atlantic cod larvae conserved 53% of yolk enthalpy (C) for growth (P), 42% was dissipated due to metabolism (R) while only 5% was lost via excretion (E).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00363910
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compartmental changes in the contents of total lipid, lipid classes and their associated fatty acids in developing yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.) (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 1 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Total lipid, lipid classes and their associated fatty acids have been measured in whole halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.) larvae and in dissected animals separated into yolk and body compartments. At hatching the larval body contained 17 μg ind−1 of lipid (11% of larval body dry weight), while the yolk contained 190 μg ind−1. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) accounted for 57% of total yolk lipids while phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), triacylglycerol (TAG), cholesterol and sterol ester (SE) accounted for 12%, 12%, 9% and 6% respectively. The main fatty acids in the PC fraction were 22:6n-3 (25.6 μg ind−1), 16:0 (19.2 μg ind−1) and 20:5n-3 (12.6 μg ind−1).Between hatch and 200 day-degrees post hatch (D°PH) a net decline in total lipids of 29% was seen. There seemed to be some, but relatively minor, changes in the relative composition of lipids in the yolk throughout development, which are indicative of a non-selective endocytotic bulk uptake of lipids from the yolk. Towards first-feeding there was a selective catabolism of PC and a net synthesis of PE in the developing body, resulting in a shift in the lipid class composition in the body compared with that of the yolk.The fatty acids released from lipid hydrolysis were mainly used as energy substrates by the growing halibut larvae; 22:6n-3 was quantitatively one of the most important fatty acid fuel in energy metabolism. At the same time 38% and 23% of the 22:6n-3 released from PC was retained by the PE and neutral lipids in the growing larval body respectively. Except for 20:5n-3 (2%, 14%) no similar retention was seen in any of the other fatty acids. The observed net synthesis of PE in developing yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic halibut and the preferential retention of 22:6n-3 into it, increasing from 28% at hatching to 45% at 200 D°PH, may point to a high biological value of this compound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.1995.tb00027.x
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