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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Hospitalmortalität – Intensivtherapie – APACHE-II-Score – APACHE-III-Score – Glasgow Coma Scale ; Key words: Hospital mortality – Intensive care medicine – APACHE II score – APACHE III score – Glasgow Coma Scale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation model (APACHE II, APACHE III) is used to describe the severity of illness and predict the outcome in critically ill patients. APACHE III, introduced in 1991, has not yet been validated in Europe. We calculated APACHE II and APACHE III scores in patients after admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and compared the prognostic value on hospital mortality. Method. One hundred fifty patients with stay of over 24 h were enrolled in the study and prospectively and consecutively investigated. APACHE II and III scores were calculated as described by the authors. The mean and median values of the survivors were compared with the non-surviving group (Mann-Whitney U test). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC analysis) and the areas under the ROC curves were plotted. Results. Of the 150 patients, 34 died during their hospital stay (22.7%). The mean and median APACHE II and III scores were significantly higher (P〈0.001) in the non-surviving group. The area under the ROC curve was higher for APACHE III (0.899) compared to APACHE II (0.847). Conclusions. APACHE II and APACHE III were both found to have good prognostic value in general ICU patients. Our results suggest that the APACHE III version includes a more precise prediction of hospital mortality than APACHE II. A new aspect of APACHE III is an expanded modification of the Glasgow Coma Scale to assess neurologic derangements.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Wir verglichen die neue Version des "Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation" (APACHE-III) Scores mit der bekannten und etablierten Version APACHE-II, indem wir die Schwere von Erkrankungen oder Verletzungen bei 150 Patienten nach deren Aufnahme auf die Intensivstation mittels beider Scores ermittelten. Die Mittel- und Medianwerte der Patientengruppe, die überlebte, waren für beide Scores signifikant niedriger (p〈0,001, Mann-Whitney-U-Test) im Vergleich zu den Patienten, die im Verlauf der Hospitalphase verstarben. Der durch das Verfahren der "receiver operating characteristics analysis" (ROC-Analyse) vorgenommene statistische Vergleich der prognostischen Qualität ergab für APACHE-III eine noch höhere Genauigkeit (Fläche unter der ROC-Kurve=0,899) im Vergleich zu APACHE-II (0,847). Nach unseren Ergebnissen ist APACHE-III genauso gut geeignet wie APACHE-II, den Erkrankungsgrad von Intensivpatienten zu charakterisieren. Weitere Untersuchungen müßten zeigen, ob APACHE-III – wie in unseren Befunden angedeutet – noch präziser das Mortalitätsrisiko zu prognostizieren vermag als APACHE-II.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 44 (1995), S. 590-594 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Lachgas ; Aufwachraum ; Schadstoffbelastung ; Key words Occupational exposure ; Nitrous oxide ; Recovery room ; Direct reading instrument
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Epidemiologic studies have shown that trace concentrations of inhalation anaesthetics polluting the air of operating theatres could have deleterious effects on the personnel's health. Nitrous oxide (N2O) oxidises vitamin B12 and thus decreases DNA production by inactivation of methionine synthase. Therefore, the United States and most European health authorities recommend threshold values to protect against potential health risks. These values range from 25 to 100 ppm, expressed as time-weighted averages (TWA). There is a lack of data concerning measurements of trace concentrations under defined conditions. The aim of this study was to quantify levels of N2O in a recovery room (RR) with an air conditioning system. Methods. Trace concentrations of N2O were determined in the main RR of the University Hospital of Regensburg (Germany). Measurements were taken for 5 days from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Trace concentrations of N2O were measured directly by means of a highly sensitive photoacoustic infrared spectrometry analyser. The lower detection limit was 0.03 ppm. Samples of room air were taken continuously from six different places in the recovery room, five of which had a distance of 50 cm to the patients' heads. One point represented the nurses' desk 5 m away from the patients. TWAs were calculated for each day and location. Results. All values were below 5 ppm TWA at each location. Typical TWA (range) values recorded at day 2 were for point 1:3.5 ppm (0.4–8.9), point 2:3.2 (0.5–7.3), point 3:3.0 (0.5–5.4), point 4:3.7 (0.5–21.2), point 5:3.2 ( 0.6–6.6), and at the nurses' desk 3.3 (0.5–6.3). Peak concentrations of nearly 25 ppm were reached for at least 10 min. Significant differences between the days and locations could not be found (P〈0.05, Wilcoxon test). Conclusion. Exposure to N2O in a climatised RR is determined by several factors: (1) efficacy of air conditioning, with 10.7 changes per hour without recirculation; (2) recovery room size; (3) transport of the patients takes about 15 min, during which some quantities of N2O leave the patient; and (4) high numbers of patients staying 2 and more hours in the recovery room and exhaling smaller concentrations of N2O into the room air. Because of these factors, all measured values are significantly below the standard international threshold values. Under other conditions of room design, such as ventilation and size, measured values may be higher.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Da Gesundheitsschäden des Personals durch Spurenkonzentrationen von Lachgas nicht grundsätzlich auszuschließen sind, existiert seit Ende 1993 in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland eine gesetzlich verbindliche Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentration (MAK) für Lachgas von 100 ppm. Systematische Untersuchungen zur Lachgasbelastung in Aufwachräumen liegen derzeit nur stichprobenhaft vor. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es, unter den Bedingungen einer modernen Klimatechnik an 5 Tagen über jeweils 12 h die Exposition des Personals im Aufwachraum kontinuierlich zu bestimmen. Mittels eines direktanzeigenden, hochsensitiven Spurengasmonitors wurde die Schadstoffbelastung an 6 Arbeitsplätzen simultan und kontinuierlich analysiert. Insgesamt lag die durchschnittliche Belastung deutlich unter den MAK-Werten von 100 ppm. Selbst die amerikanischen Empfehlungen von 25 ppm wurden unterboten. Kurzzeitige Spitzenkonzentrationen von bis zu 25 ppm waren zeitlich mit einer Vollbelegung des Aufwachraums korreliert. Die gemessenen niedrigen Konzentrationen können auf mehrere Faktoren zugeführt werden: 1. Die Effektivität der Klimatechnik mit 10,7 Wechseln pro Stunde ohne Rezirkulation, 2. die Raumgröße, 3. eine Transportzeit von ca. 15 min, während der die Patienten Restkonzentrationen an Lachgas abatmen und 4. eine lange Verweildauer der Patienten im Aufwachraum und damit ein höherer Anteil Patienten mit niedrigen Lachgaskonzentrationen in der Ausatemluft. Unter den genannten Bedingungen wäre eine Beschäftigung schwangerer Mitarbeiterinnen im Aufwachraum der Tätigkeit im OP vorzuziehen. In Aufwachräumen mit anderen baulichen Voraussetzungen sollten systematische Messungen über mehrere Tage durchgeführt werden, um eine Aussage bezüglich des Belastungsprofils treffen zu können.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Peritonitis ; Opsonization ; Complement ; C3 ; IgG ; Granulocytic proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Despite a high concentration of serum proteins and intact phagocytes peritonitis exudates contain a large number of viable, pathogenic bacteria. The reason for this biological paradox is unknown. Our investigations reveal a pronounced defect in humoral opsonization of foreign particles in peritonitis exudate. We evaluated a modified chemiluminescence system allowing the determination of opsonic activity in serum and exudate. In serum we found a close correlation between opsonic activity and immunologically measurable levels of C3-complement and IgG. In purulent peritonitis exudates, however, the actual opsonizing activity was much less than expected according to the opsonin concentrations. We found a pronounced difference between immunologically determined opsonin levels and impaired opsonic function. Employing crossed immunoelectrophoresis massive C3-splitting into smaller fragments could be demonstrated in peritonitis exudates. In these exudates we found very high concentrations of granulocyte proteolytic (elastase) and oxidative (myeloperoxidase) enzymes which may lead to a functional destruction of opsonins followed by impaired opsonization in peritonitis exudate. The great number of bacteria and foreign particles in addition can cause a pronounced physiological consumption of complement components. The almost complete breakdown of intact C3-complement in intraabdominal exudate explains the deficient host defence in patients with severe peritonitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 21 (1995), S. 32-37 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Scoring systems ; Orthotopic liver transplantation ; Intensive care medicine ; Prognosis of outcome ; Apache II score ; MPM score ; SAPS score ; Hospital mortality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective To compare 4 general severity classification scoring systems concerning prognosis of outcome in 123 liver transplant recipients. The compared scoring systems were: the mortality prediction model (admission model and 24 h model); the simplified acute physiology score; the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (Apache II) and the acute organ systems failre score. Design Retrospective, consecutive sample. Setting Adult intensive care unit in a university hospital. Patients 123 adult liver allograft recipients after admission to the intensive care unit. Measurements and main results The scoring systems were calculated as described by the authors to classify the severity of illness after admission of the allograft recipients to the intensive care unit. The mean and median values of survivors and the group of patients, that died during hospital stay were compared. Receiver-operating characteristics were plotted for all scoring systems and the areas under the curves of receiver-operating characteristics were calculated. The predictive value of the 4 scoring systems was tested using a variety of sensitivity analyses. The mortality prediction model (24 h model) was found to have a high significance (p〈0.001) in predicting mortality and showed the greatest area under the curve (0.829). Simplified acute physiology score (p〈0.001) and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (Apache II) (p〈0.01) had a high significance as well, but did not hit the level of prognosis of mortality prediction model, as shown in the area under the curves. Accordingly, sensitivity was highest in MPM-24 h (83%), followed by SAPS (72%) and Apache II (71%). MPM-24h had a total misclassification rate of 22% (SAPS=32%, Apache II=33%). MPM-admission failed in predicting mortality (sensitivity=52%). Organ systems failure score seemed not to be useful in liver transplant recipients. Conclusion General disease classification systems, such as the mortality prediction model, simplified acute physiology score or acute physiology and chronic health evaluation are good mortality prediction models in patients after liver transplantation. We suggest that there is no need for improvement of a special scoring system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 48 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Effect of nitrite and salt on color, flavor and overall accpetability of ham was examined. Semitendinosus pork muscles were cured with four levels of nitrite (0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm) and three levels of salt (0, 1 and 2%). Nitrite content decreased after processing and salt remained constant. The Semitendinosus muscle became darker, redder and more intensely colored as measured on the Hunterlab colorimeter. Also the increased redness was detected by panelists as nitrite increased. Cured meat flavor intensity increased with increasing salt and nitrite, with salt having the greater effect. Panelists' perceptions of saltiness and sweetness were most affected by level of salt. The sample containing 50 ppm nitrite was acceptable to untrained panel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 419 (2002), S. 818-820 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Ferroelectromagnets are an interesting group of compounds that complement purely (anti-)ferroelectric or (anti-)ferromagnetic materials—they display simultaneous electric and magnetic order. With this coexistence they supplement materials in which magnetization can be induced by an ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 4762-4764 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Hexagonal manganites RMnO3 (R=Sc, Y, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb) are compounds in which a ferroelectric and an antiferromagnetic order may coexist. The ferroelectric crystal structure is well known but theoretical studies show that there are different possibilities for the spin structure. By means of polarization- and temperature-dependent second-harmonic spectroscopy it is possible to determine the magnetic structure of RMnO3 compounds. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 4401-4403 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetic second-harmonic generation is used for imaging of the orientation of the spins in antiferromagnetic ScMnO3 and HoMnO3 with 10 μm resolution and an accuracy of about 1°. This allows the observation of sample inhomogeneities and the coexistence of magnetic phases. The method is based on simple geometric arguments which should be applicable to a large variety of magnetic materials. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 71 (1997), S. 948-949 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The direct observation of free A, B, and C excitons with n=2 in hexagonal bulk gallium nitride (GaN) by two-photon spectroscopy is reported. From these data, the band gaps, exciton binding energies, and hole masses for the three uppermost valence bands are calculated. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 4875-4877 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Antiferromagnetic Cr2O3 is investigated by nonlinear spectroscopy. A pronounced polarization dependence of the second harmonic spectrum was observed which is due to the interference of time-invariant and time-noninvariant contributions to the nonlinear signal. It can be used to visualize antiferromagnetic 180° domains with high resolution in a few minutes. Both spectroscopy and topography show that in the spin-flop phase the spins are oriented in the basal plane along a twofold axis. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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