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  • 1
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Silicon has been the semiconductor of choice for microelectronics largely because of theunique properties of its native oxide (SiO2) and the Si/SiO2 interface. For high-temperature and/orhigh-power applications, however, one needs a semiconductor with a wider energy gap and higherthermal conductivity. Silicon carbide has the right properties and the same native oxide as Si. However,in the late 1990’s it was found that the SiC/SiO2 interface had high interface trap densities, resultingin poor electron mobilities. Annealing in hydrogen, which is key to the quality of Si/SiO2interfaces, proved ineffective. This paper presents a synthesis of theoretical and experimental workby the authors in the last six years and parallel work in the literature. High-quality SiC/SiO2 interfaceswere achieved by annealing in NO gas and monatomic H. The key elements that lead to highqualitySi/SiO2 interfaces and low-quality SiC/SiO2 interfaces are identified and the role of N and Htreatments is described. More specifically, optimal Si and SiC surfaces for oxidation are identifiedand the atomic-scale processes of oxidation and resulting interface defects are described. In the caseof SiC, we conclude that excess carbon at the SiC/SiO2 interface leads to a bonded Si-C-O interlayerwith a mix of fourfold- and threefold-coordinated C and Si atoms. The threefold coordinated atomsare responsible for the high interface trap density and can be eliminated either by H-passivation orreplacement by N. Residual Si-Si bonds, which are partially passivated by H and N remain the mainlimitation. Perspectives for the future for both Si- and SiC-based MOSFETs are discussed
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Large-scale applications of high-transition-temperature (high-T c) superconductors, such as their use in superconducting cables, are impeded by the fact that polycrystalline materials (the only practical option) support significantly lower current densities than single ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 75 (1999), S. 2972-2974 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In a quantum dot made of an indirect gap material such as Si, the electron–hole Coulomb interaction alone can give rise to "dark" excitons even in the absence of exchange interaction. We present the predicted excitonic spectra for hydrogen-passivated Si dots and find very good agreement with the recent experiment of Wolkin, Jorne, Fauchet, Allan, and Delerue [Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 197 (1999)]. The calculated splitting between dark and bright excitons, arising from Coulomb and exchange interactions, agrees very well with the optical data of Calcott, Nash, Canham, Kane, and Brumhead [J. Phys Condens. Matter 5, L91 (1993)]. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 21 rabbits, the average concentration of sodium and potassium in the aqueous humor was found to be respectively 149±4.3 mEq/l and 5.34±mEq/l. Eleven of these animals were injected with Diamox (100 mg/kg of body weight); a significant drop of potassium concentration in the aqueous humor was observed three hours later, as compared with the ten control animals. No change in sodium concentration occurred. Our findings are considered in correlation with the fall of intraocular pressure produced by the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, and the role of this enzyme is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 15 (1959), S. 130-131 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the aqueous humour of human subjects and of various animals species, a fibrinolytic system has been demonstrated which, as regards streptokinase, shows the same properties as the corresponding plasma. Presumably the actual fibrinolytic activity in the aqueous humour is greater than in the plasma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 11 (1955), S. 385-386 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 26 rabbits, the normal pH of the aqueous humor, measured with a glass electrode, was found to be 7.59±0.102. With an improved technique, the corresponding measures on ten other rabbits gave an average value of 7.57±0.043. Three hours after the injection of Diamox, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, a significant drop of 0.13 pH units was observed. These effects seem to be dependent on the inhibition of the ciliary body carbonic anhydrase; however there may be some participation of the metabolic acidosis of renal origin. The fall of pH in aqueous humor produced by Diamox is to be correlated with the decrease of potassium concentration previously reported; these facts suggest the hypothesis of a competition between potassium and hydrogen ions in the secretion of aqueous humor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 7 (1928), S. 490-492 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 7 (1928), S. 876-881 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Durch Injektion von Theophyllin gelingt es, beim Kaninchen nach intravenöser Injektion von Sulfomesarca (Roche) sowohl im Kammerwasser und Glaskörper, als auch in dem durch Suboccipitalstich gewonnenen Liquor auf nephelometrischem Wege eine erhöhte Arsenmenge gegenüber dem Kontrolltier nachzuweisen. 2. Da bei erhöhtem Arsengehalt in Liquor und Augenflüssigkeiten auch ein vermehrtes Übertreten ins Zentralnervensystem und Augengewebe anzunehmen ist, wurde der Arsengehalt der Hornhaut beim Kaninchen nach intravenöser Injektion von Sulfomesarca geprüft. Dabei ergab sich bei gleichzeitiger Injektion von Theophyllin ein wesentlich höherer Arsengehalt als beim Kontrolltier. 3. Die durch Diuretica herbeigeführte Durchbrechung der Blut-Augenflüssigkeit- und Blut Liquorschranke ermöglicht also die Überführung von im Blut zirkulierenden Stoffen in die genannten Flüssigkeiten, sowie auch in die Augengewebe (Cornea) und mit Wahrscheinlichkeit auch ins nervöse Parenchym des Zentralnervensystems. 4. Damit wäre die Möglichkeit gegeben, durch Diuretica therapeutisch wirksame Stoffe in die genannten Gewebe überzuführen und dadurch ein neues Moment für die Behandlungcerebrospinaler undokularer Affektionen zu gewinnen
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 49 (1940), S. 71-77 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 168 (1965), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Continuing their previous contributions to the measurement of the optical components of the eye with their combined optic and ultrasonic method, the authors have developped simple formulae to calculate the total refractive power of the emmetropec and ametropic eye. The application is demonstrated in a case of high myopia. The results, concerning corneal curvature, axial length, refractive power of the eye, of the lens and the thickness of the lens in 94 myopic eyes (60 persons from 5 to 76 years) are summarized. According to the degree of myopia (〈 7 dptr, 〉 7 dptr) and the age (〈 21 years, 〉 21 years) the cases are classified in 4 groups. In high myopia (Table 4) the axial length (29,9 ± 2,5 mm in adults, 27,7 ± 2,6 mm in adolescents) is significantly greater than in normal eyes (23,3 ± 0,7 mm in males, 22,7 ± 0,9 mm in females). Also in law degrees of myopia the axial length is significantly longer than in normal eyes (respectively 25,7 ± 1,1 mm and 25, ± 1 1,0 mm). The total refractive power varies in the 4 groups of myopic eyes between 58 and 60,8 dptr and is therefore lower than in emmetropic adults (64,4 ± 2,6 dptr in males, 66,3 ± 4,3 dptr in females;Gernet, 1964 b). The emmetropisation process concerns therefore all classes of myopia. This is essentially due to the diminished refraction of the lens, especially in high myopia (14,9-16;0 dptr) in comparison to the normal eye (21,0±3,0 dptr in males, 22,9 ± 2,6 dptr in females;Gernet, 1964 b). Finally it is stressed the fact that the degree of refraction after extraction of the lens is not in direct relation to the myopic refraction before operation. Two examples show that the axial length may even be shorter in a relative higher degree of myopia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Anschluß an frühere Arbeiten über die Bestimmung der optischen Großen des Auges auf Grund eines kombinierten optisch-echographischen Verfahrens wird eine einfache Formel zur Berechnung der Gesamtbrechkraft des emmetropen Auges entwickelt. Daraus wind eine Formel für die Berechnung der Gesamtbrechkraft bei Ametropien abgeleitet und an einem Beispiel das Berechnungsverfahren bei hoher Myopie erläutert. Die in Tabellenform zusammengestellten Resultate bezüglich Hornhautkrümmung, Achsenlänge, Gesamtbrechkraft, Linsenbrechkraft und Linsendicke wurden auf Grunt der Untersuchung von 94 myopischen Augen bei 60 Personen im Alter von 5–76 Jahren erhalten, wobei eine Unterteilung in leichte (〈 7 dptr) and hohe Myopie (〉 7 dptr) und weiterhin in zwei Altersgruppen (〈 21 Jahre und 〉 21 Jahre) vorgenommen wurde. Wie aus der zusammenfassenden Tabelle 4 hervorgeht, ist bei hoher Myopie die Achsenlänge (29,9 ± 2,5 mm bzw. 27,7 ± 2,6 mm bei Jugendlichen) eindeutig größer als bei normalen (23,3 ± 0;7 mm bei Männern, 22,7 ± 0,9 mm bei Frauen). Dies gilt auch für die leichte Myopie (25,7 ± mm bzw. 25,1 ± 1,0 mm). Die Gesamtbrechkraft der Augen variiert in den vier Gruppen der Myopen zwischen 58 and 60,8 αptr, ist also wesentlich geringer als bei emmetropen Erwachsenen (Männer 64,4 ± 2,6 dptr, Frauen 66,3 ±4,3 dptr;Gernet, 1964b). Der Emmetropisationsprozeß macht sich also nicht nur im Bereich der Mittelwerte der Refraktionskurve bemerkbar, sondern betrifft auch die sämtlichen Grade der Myopie im Sinne einer Herabsetzung der durch die Achsenlänge zu erwartenden myopischen Refraktion. Die Ursache dafür ergibt sich aus der geringeren Brechkraft der Linse, insbesondere bei hoher Myopie (14,9-16,0 dptr) gegenüber emmetropen Augen (Männer 21,0 ± 3,0 dptr, Frauen 22;9 ± 2,6 dptr;Gernet, 1964 b). Zum Schluß wird an Hand von zwei Beispielen gezeigt, daß bei hoher Myopie ihr Grad nicht ohne weiteres auf die Refraktion nach Entfernung der Linse schließen läßt, da für letztere die Achsenlänge ausschlaggebend ist, und these bisweilen im umgekehrten Verhältnis zum Grade der Myopie stehen kann.
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