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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bioprocess and biosystems engineering 15 (1996), S. 77-85 
    ISSN: 1432-0797
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments performed in two external-loop airlift bioreactors of laboratory and pilot scale, (1.880–1.189) · 10−3 m3 and (0.170-0.157)m3, respectively, are reported. The A D /A R ratio was varied between 0.111–1.000 and 0.040–0.1225 in the laboratory and pilot contractor respectively. Water and solutions of different coalescence (2-propanol 2% vol, 1 M Na (glucose 50% wt/vol) and rheological behaviour (non-Newtonian starch solutions with consistency index K=0.061–3.518 Pas n and flow behaviour index n=0.86-0.39), respectively, were used as liquid phase. Compressed air at superficial velocities v SGR =0.016–0.178 ms−1 in the laboratory contactor and v SGR =0.010–0.120 ms−1 in the pilot contactor, respectively was used as gaseous phase. The A D /A R ratio affect gas-holdup behaviour as a result of the influence of A D /A R on liquid circulation velocity. Experimental results show that A D /A R ratio affect circulation liquid velocity by modifying he resistence to flow and by varying the fraction of the total volume contained in downcomer and riser. A D /A R ratio has proven to be the main factor which determines the friction in the reactor. Mixing time increases with increasing of the reactor size and decreases with A D /A R decreasing. The volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient increases with A D /A R ratio decreasing, as a result of variations of the liquid velocity with A D /A R , which affect interfacial areas. Correlations applicable to the investigated contactors have been presented, together with the fit of some experimental data to existing correlation in literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bioprocess and biosystems engineering 14 (1995), S. 33-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0797
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Liquid circulation velocity was studied in externalloop air-lift bioreactors of laboratory and pilot scale, respectively for different gas input rates, downcomer-to-riser cross-sectional area ratio, A D/AR and liquid phase apparent viscosities. It was found that, up to a gas superficial velocity in the riser v SGR ≈ 0.04 m/s the dependency of v SLR on v SGR is in the following form: v SLR = a v SGR b , with the exponent b being 0.40. Over this value of v SGR, only a small increase in liquid superficial velocity, v SLR is produced by an increase in v SGR. A D/AR ratio affects the liquid superficial velocity due to the resistance in flow and overall friction. For non-Newtonian viscous liquids, the circulation liquid velocity in the riser section of the pilot external-loop airlift bioreactor is shown to be dependent mainly on the downcomer-to-riser cross-sectional area ratio, A D/AR, the effective (apparent) liquid viscosity, η eff and the superficial gas velocity, v SGR. The equation proposed by Popovic and Robinson [11] was fitted well, with an error of ± 20%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bioprocess and biosystems engineering 14 (1996), S. 183-193 
    ISSN: 1432-0797
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The residence time distribution analysis was used to investigated the flow behaviour in an external-loop airlift bioreactor regarded as a single unit and discriminating its different sections. The experimental results were fitted according to plug flow with superimposed axial dispersion and tank-in-series models, which have proved that it is reasonable to assume plug flow with axial dispersion in the overall reactor, in riser and downcomer sections, as well, while the gas separator should be considered as a perfectly mixed zone. Also, the whole reactor could be replaced with 105-30 zones with perfect mixing in series, while its separate zones, that is the riser with 104-27, the downcomer with 115-35 and the gas separator with 25-5 perfectly mixed zones in series, respectively, depending on gas superficial velocity, AD/AR ratio and the liquid feed rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bioprocess engineering 23 (2000), S. 95-106 
    ISSN: 0178-515X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  In view of the importance of biological treatment, it is the purpose of this work to present an overview of attached-growth biological wastewater treatment, considering the active role the engineers have to play in this field. This paper brings together conventional and advanced problems in the field of aerobic attached-growth (biofilm) wastewater treatment. Such an overview of biological wastewater treatment also precedes comments on some important aspects concerning the microorganisms responsible for wastewater treatment as well as considerations on the key factors governing the kinetic of the biological growth and waste treatment, together with application of fundamentals and kinetics to the analysis of these biological processes. A survey of the development of the attached-growth process and some modifications are given. These include additional details on the bioreactor progress and applications. Finally, some aspects regarding process intensification and bioreactor improvement were included.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bioprocess engineering 16 (1997), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 0178-515X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  Liquid circulation superficial velocity and gas holdup behaviours were investigated in an external-loop airlift bioreactor of 0.170 m3 liquid volume in gas-induced and forced-circulation-loop operation modes, in the presence of static mixers made of corrugated stainless steel pieces, resulting in packets with the height-to-diameter ratio equal to unity and using non-Newtonian starch solutions as liquid phase. The static mixers were disposed in the riser in three blocks, each with three mixing packets, successively turned 90° to the adjacent mixing element. It was found that in the presence of static mixers and forced-loop operation mode, liquid circulation superficial velocity in the riser section was significantly diminished, while gas holdup increased in a great measure. It was considered that static mixers split the fluid into individual streams and break up the bubbles, resulting in small bubble sizes with a relative homogeneous bubble distribution over riser cross section. They act as supplementary resistances in liquid flow, reducing riser cross sectional area, equivalent with A D /A R area ratio diminishing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 225 (1966), S. 362-374 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Unsere experimentellen und klinischen Beobachtungen der Anti-DNS-Antikörper und ihres Auftretens in der Hautpathologie zeigten, daß die Desoxyribonucleinsäure sich als Antikörper reizende Substanz verhalten kann, wobei sie aber nicht einen obligaten Antigen-Charakter hat. Gleichzeitig konnte man feststellen, daß Anti-DNS-Antikörper, die gesunden Tieren eingespritzt wurden, schwere Veränderungen der inneren Organe, die zum Tod der Versuchstiere führten, auslösen können. Bei der Suche nach den betreffenden Antikörpern bei 220 an verschiedenen Dermatosen Erkrankten, konnte man die Anwesenheit solcher Antikörper bei 66 von ihnen feststellen, nicht nur bei dem akuten oder subakuten Erythematodes, sondern auch bei anderen Dermatosen mit chronischem und rezidivierendem Charakter, wie vasculären Allergien, Prurigo, Ekzemen, Urtikaria. Auf Grund der experimentellen und klinischen Daten schließen wir auf die autoimmune Natur der Anti-DNS-Antikörpergenese.
    Notes: Summary The experimental and clinical research undertaken by the authors on anti-DNS antibodies and their frequency in skin pathology have shown that desoxiribonucleic acid may conduct oneself as an antibody- inducing substance having however not a compulsory antigenic feature. At the same time it has been ascertained that anti-ADN antibodies inoculated in healthy animals are able to produce severe lesions in their internal organs and subsequently their death. On the other hand, by searching these antibodies in 220 patients suffering from various dermatoses, one finds out such antibody substances in 66 cases represented not only by acute or subacute lupus erithematosus, but also by other cronic and recurrent dermatoses namely vascular alergides, prurigo, eczema, urticaria Relying on these experimental and clinical data the autoimmune nature of the anti-ADN antibodygenesis, is concluded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die an Kaninchen und meerschweinchen vorgenommenen Versuche zum Zwecke der Feststellung, ob die Haut und auch innere Organe wie Leber, Nieren und Milz die Fähigkeit besitzen, das Erscheinen entsprechender Antikörper hervorzurufen, haben zu folgenden Schlußfolgerungen geführt: 1. Sowohl das normale Gewebe der Haut als auch der Leber, Nieren und Milz, autolog oder homolog, erwiesen sich im Naturzustand nicht fähig, die entsprechenden Antikörper hervorzurufen. Nur durch Immunisierung mit normalen heterologen Geweben konnte das Erscheinen von Organantikörpern hervorgerufen werden. 2. Die erwähnten homologen Gewebe wurden nur dann antigenisch, wenn ihre Struktur vorher durch die Einwirkung einiger physikalischen oder infektösen Faktoren verändert wurde. 3. Die Beifügung des Freundschen Adjuvans während der Antiogran-immunisierung fördert die Erzeugung entsprechender Antikörper und gestattet die Herabsetzung der für die Immunisierung erforderlichen Antigenmenge auf die Hälfte. 4. Das Vorkommen einiger gekreuzter Wirkungen bei den in unseren Versuchen benutzten Organantikörpern, die sowohl durch Gewebekulturen als auch durch Intracutanreaktionen nachgewiesen wurden, lassen auf die pluritissulären polyvalenten Wirkungen der Organantikörper schließen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Verfasser berichten über die Ergebnisse ihrer Untersuchungen zum Nachweis von Autoantikörpern bei 165 an verschiedenen Dermatosen leidenden Kranken. Von den angewendeten Verfahren erwiesen sich der Intracutantest mit körpereigenen Leukocyten, die passive Hämagglutination mit menschlichen Corium-, Epidermis- und DNS-Antigen und die Prüfung der immunocytotoxischen Wirkung auf Epithel- und Bindegewebszellkulturen als die geeignetsten. Vermittels dieser Teste wurde die Anwesenheit von Autoatikörpern bei Erythematodes, Sklerodermie, Dermatomyositis, Vasculärenallergiden, Prurigo, Ekzemen, Neurodermitis und chronischer, rezidivierender Urticaria nachgewiesen. Die chronische und rezidivierende Wesensart der Erkrankungen, bei welchen Autoantikörper nachweisbar waren, wird hervorgehoben. Dies ist eine immunologische Bestätigung der von den Verfassern früher aufgestellten Hypothese über den Mechanismus der “Selbsterhaltung”, der für den chronischen und rezidivierenden Verlauf einiger Dermatosen aus den erwähnten Kategorien verantwortlich ist. Es wird die Schlußfolgerung gezogen, daß Autoimmunitätsprozesse in das pathophysiologische Geschehen gewisser krankhafter Hautveränderungen tatsächlich aktiv eingreifen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit berichtet über die an 50 Kranken mit verschiedenen allergischen Dermatosen beobachteten histopathologischen und immunbiologischen Befunde und Veränderungen in den regionären Lymphdrüsen. Die histocytologischen Befunde zeigen, daß die charakteristische Umwandlung der betreffenden Lymphdrüen in einer lymphoretikulären Hyperplasie besteht, welche in ihren Anfangsphasen sich als Hypertrophie der Lymphfollikel und ihrer Keimzentren zeigte. Später dehnt sich diese überwiegend lymphocytäre Hyperplasie diffus über die gesamten regionären Lymphdrüsen aus. Gleichzeitig wurde eine Vermehrung der Mastzellen sowie das Auftreten von Bindegewebsproliferationsherden festgestellt. Der letztgenannte Befund wurde häufiger an Lymphdrüsen von Personen beobachtet, deren Krankheit lange Zeit gedauert hatte. In einem zweiten Teil sind die Ergebnisse der immunbiologischen Untersuchungen an 20 Kranken wiedergegeben, ausgeführt an der in vitro gezüchteten Lymphdrüsenpulpa. Auf diesem Wege konnte man beobachten, daß die hyperplasierten, immunkompetenten Lymphdrüsenzellen sich in Gewebskulturen entwickeln und sogar in aufeinanderfolgenden Passagen ihre Eigenschaft beibehalten können, dem respektiven Sensibilisationszustand entsprechende γ-Globuline und spezifische Antikörper zu erzeugen. Ferner gelang es, an autoimmunen Kranken die Fähigkeit ihrer Lymphdrüsen festzustellen, “in vitro” Antigewebsantikörper zu erzeugen. Schließlich wird die Bedeutung der beschriebenen Beobachtungen für die Physiopathologie der allergischen Hautkrankheiten besprochen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 25 (1965), S. 61-72 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The authors report their first observations on the cytotoxic activity of the dermatophytes inoculated in various tissue cultures. The 18 species of dermatophytes were isolated from different mycotic infections of human and animal origin; the tissue cultures were prepared from different strains of cells: HeLa, Detroit 6, rabbit kidney, human and animal embryos (rat, chicken). The contact of these cells with the dermatophytes induces a lysis which is earliest with the zoophylic species asTr. mentagrophytes andTr. quinckeanum. The geophylic dermatophytes had almost the same proteolytic activity as the human ones, fact that justifies their place in this group of fungi. Moreover the way in whichTr. terrestre andKeratinomyces ajelloi, usually saprophytes of the soil, acted on the tissue culture, as zoophylic species did, enables the authors to consider these fungi (and probably other geophylic dermatophytes), to be adapted to the parasitic life. By this same method of investigation, the problem of human or animal origin ofTr. megninii is studied and discussed.
    Notes: Résumé Dans le but d'étudier l'action des dermatophytes sur les cultures de tissues, les auteurs ont utilisé 18 espèces et des cellules épithéliales humaines (à type de HeLa et Detroit 6) et animale (rein de lapin) et des fibroblastes de l'embryon humain, de poulet et de rat. L'ensemencement des dermatophytes choisis a été faite en des tubes contenant les cultures cellulaires, parfois additionnées de milieu liquide. L'effet protéolytique le plus rapide a été constaté pour les dermatophytes zoophyles, tels queTr. mentagrophytes etTr. quinckeanum et surtout vis-à-vis des cellules HeLa, tandis que les espèces d'origine anthropophyle ont montré une action cytotoxique un peu plus ralentie. Parmi les géodermatophytes, l'action exercée parTr. terrestre etKeratinomyces ajelloi s'approche de celle produite par les espèces d'origine animale, fait qui pourrait plaider, selon l'opinion des auteurs, en faveur de la prochaine adaptation à la vie parasitaire de ces deux derniers champignons. La lyse des cellules obtenue à la suite des produits metaboliques élaborés parTr. megninii fait incadrer ce dermatophyte dans le groupe des espèces d'origine humaine.
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