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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 774 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 39 (1977), S. 65-75 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Epoxide hydratase ; Benzo(a)pyrene ; Mutagenicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Rolle der Epoxidhydratase wurde untersucht in bezug auf die Mutagenität von Benzo(a)pyren. Benzo(a)pyren wurde mit Lebermikrosomen aktiviert. Mutagene wurden festgestellt anhand der Reversion der his − Salmonella typhimurium-Stämme TA 1537 und TA 98. Die beiden Stämme wurden sehr unterschiedlich durch verschiedene mutagene Benzo(a)pyren-Metabolite rückmutiert. Es zeigte sich, daß das Muster der mutagenen Metabolite, die durch Mikrosomen von Methylcholanthren-behandelten Mäusen aus Benzo(a)pyren gebildet wurden, sehr verschieden war vom Muster bei Aktivierung durch Mikrosomen von Kontroll-oder von Phenobarbital-behandelten Mäusen. Jedoch trugen in allen drei Fällen wenigstens zwei verschiedene mutagene Metabolite signifikant zur Mutagenität bei. Epoxidhydratase reduzierte sehr effektiv die Mutagenität, wenn Benzo(a)pyren durch Mikrosomen von Kontroll-oder von Phenobarbital-behandelten Mäusen aktiviert wurde. Wenn jedoch Mikrosomen von Methylcholanthren-behandelten Tieren verwendet wurden, war der Effekt der Epoxidhydratase stark von der Benzo(a)pyren-Konzentration abhängig. Bei niedriger Konzentration erhöhte Zugabe von Epoxidhydratase und erniedrigten Epoxidhydratasehemmstoffe die Mutagenität. Bei hohen Konzentrationen wurde das Umgekehrte festgestellt. Diese Befunde wurden dahingehend interpretiert, daß bei der Aktivierung mit Mikrosomen von unbehandelten und von Phenobarbital-induzierten Mäusen einfache Epoxide (oder Substanzen, die nicht-enzymatisch daraus gebildet wurden) hauptsächlich für die Mutagenität verantwortlich waren, daß dagegen Mutagene, die über Dihydrodiole gebildet wurden, bedeutend zur Mutagenität beitrugen, wenn Mikrosomen von Methylcholanthren-behandelten Mäusen verwendet wurden. Die Rolle der Epoxidhydratase, ob aktivierend oder inaktivierend, wird demnach bestimmt durch die Form der Monooxygenase, die an der Aktivierung beteiligt ist.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of epoxide hydratase upon the mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene was investigated using two Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA 1537 and TA 98). These two bacterial strains were found to differ characteristically in their susceptibility to different mutagens biologically produced from benzo(a)pyrene providing a diagnostic tool to investigate which types of mutagenic metabolites were produced in various metabolic situations. The results showed that the pattern of mutagenic metabolites produced by microsomes from methylcholanthrene-treated mice was very different from that produced by microsomes from phenobarbital-treated or untreated mice. However in all cases at least two mutagenic metabolites were produced. Epoxide hydratase was very efficient at reducing the mutagenic effect when benzo(a)pyrene was activated by microsomes from untreated or phenobarbital-treated mice. However, when microsomes from methylcholanthrene-treated mice were used the effect of hydratase depended upon the benzo(a)pyrene concentration. At low concentrations the mutagenicity was increased by addition of epoxide hydratase and decreased by inhibition of the hydratase. At high concentrations the reverse was true. These findings indicate that when microsomes from untreated and phenobarbital-treated mice were used the main contributors to the mutagenicity were simple epoxides (or compounds arising non-enzymically from them). The activation of dihydrodiols must, however, contribute to a significant extent when microsomes from methylcholanthrene-treated mice were used. Thus the role of epoxide hydratase was determined by the monooxygenase form present in the microsomes in the activating system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Benzo(a)pyrene ; Epoxide ; Glutathione S-transferase ; Inactivation ; Mutagen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Benzo(a)pyren wurde mit Lebermikrosomen von Kontrollund von phenobarbitalbehandelten Mäusen zu mutagenen Stoffwechselprodukten umgesetzt. Unter diesen Bedingungen ist Benzo(a)pyren-4,5-oxid weitgehend für die Mutagenität verantwortlich. Es wurde nun einerseits die Konjugation zwischen Benzo(a)pyren-4,5-oxid und Glutathion untersucht und andererseits der Effekt von Glutathion auf die Mutagenität von Benzo(a)pyren. Benzo(a)pyren-4,5-oxid und Glutathion konjugierten spontan nur langsam, die Konjugation wurde durch Mikrosomen schwach und durch Cytosol-Fraktion äußerst stark beschleunigt. Auf die Mutagenität von Benzo(a)pyren hatte Glutathion geringe Wirkung, wenn die Aktivierung in Abwesenheit von Cytosol-Fraktion erfolgte. Dagegen vermochte es in ihrer Anwesenheit die Mutagenität bedeutend zu vermindern. Bedingung war jedoch, daß der aktive Metabolit durch den Agar zu diffundieren hatte. Wenn nämlich alle Mikrosomen in direktem Kontakt zu den Bakterien standen, bewirkte Glutathion keine signifikante Inaktivierung. Das gleiche wurde auch beobachtet, wenn trans-7,8-Dihydroxy 7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyren in Anwesenheit von Cytosol-Fraktion aktiviert wurde: Reduktion der Mutagenität durch Glutathion wurde gefunden, wenn Mikrosomen und Bakterien voneinander getrennt waren, keine Reduktion, wenn Mikrosomen und Bakterien aneinandergebunden waren. Offenbar diffundierten im letzteren Fall die mutagenen Metabolite größtenteils direkt in die Bakterien, so daß sie durch Komponenten des Cytosols nicht inaktiviert wurden. Trotz hervorragender kinetischer Eigenschaften war also die Effizienz der Glutathion S-Transferase beschränkt, weil sie im Cytosol lokalisiert war. Da in der eukaryotischen Zelle das endoplasmatische Retikulum, wo reaktive Metabolite im allgemeinen gebildet werden, in direktem Kontakt mit anderen Zellstrukturen wie etwa der Kernmembran steht und da deshalb hydrophobe reaktive Metabolite durch laterale Diffusion in den Membranen zu Wirkungsorten gelangen können, ist für solche hydrophobe Metabolite eine geringe Wirksamkeit von Inaktivierungsmechanismen zu erwarten, die im Cytosol lokalisiert sind.
    Notes: Abstract Benzo(a)pyrene was activated to metabolites mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 by liver microsomes from control and phenobarbital treated mice. Under these conditions benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-oxide accounts for most of the mutagenicity. We have therefore investigated (1) the conjugation of benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-oxide with glutathione and (2) the effect of glutathione on the mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene. The spontaneous conjugation occurred only very slowly. The rate of this reaction was slightly augmented by microsomes and very greatly augmented by the cytosol fraction of liver homogenate. With respect to the mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene, glutathione had only a weak effect when benzo(a)pyrene was activated by microsomes in the absence of the cytosol fraction. In its presence, however, glutathione was able to strongly reduce the mutagenicity. But this reduction depended on the spatial relationship between microsomes and bacteria. The strongest inactivation was found when bacteria and microsomes were in separate agar layers. In contrast, no inactivation was observed when all the microsomes were in direct contact with the bacteria. When the test was performed according to the Ames procedure the topographical situation was intermediate: some microsomes were adsorbed onto the bacteria and some were free. Accordingly, the effect of glutathione was intermediate. When the premutagen trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene was activated in the presence of the cytosol fraction, glutathione again reduced the mutagenicity, when microsomes and bacteria were separated from each other, but did not reduce the mutagenicity, when all the microsomes were bound to the bacteria. Obviously in the situation where a direct diffusion within the lipophilic environment from the site of formation to the target bacteria was physically possible the mutagenic metabolites diffused preferentially directly to the bacteria and not through the hydrophilic environment of the medium. Therefore they could not be inactivated by components of the cytosol fraction. This could be of significance also for the situation in the eucaryotic cell, since the endoplasmic reticulum is in direct contact with other cell structures such as the nuclear envelope. Thus, hydrophobic metabolites generated in the endoplasmic reticulum could reach such sites by lateral diffusion within the membranes. The observation that benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-oxide was a very good substrate for the cytosol localized glutathione S-transferase, but that it was not inactivated by this system when bacteria and microsomes were in direct contact, indicates that a severe limitation for the inactivation of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites by this enzyme is imposed by its localization in the cytosol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: acetylaminostilbene ; aromatic amines ; deacetylase ; gene mutation assays ; paraoxon ; thioguanine resistance ; V79 cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The N-acetoxy and N-hydroxy derivatives of trans-4-acetylamino-stilbene (AAS) were demonstrated to induce gene mutations at the hgprt locus and to be cytotoxic in V79 cells. These cells deacetylated AAS. Paraoxon inhibited the deacetylation of AAS by more than 99% and reduced the mutagenicicity and cytotoxicity of N-hydroxy-ASS and N-acetoxy-AAS to about one-tenth. Hence, deacetylated metabolites, formed by the target cells, were important for the observed biological effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of the tricyclic psychotropic drug opipramol (1) with an excess of HNO2 affords a product mixture mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium. The main product is a tetracyclic furoxan 2 (yield ca. 80%), resulting from nitrosation at C(10) and C(11) of 1. Compound 2 is not mutagenic. The essential mutagen is a nitroarene 3 formed via contraction of the central ring of 1, and nitrosation at C(2). Its yield is extremely low (〈0.1%). Nitroarenes have previously not been encountered as mutagenic products of the interaction of drugs with nitrite.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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