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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fruit Thinner Residues, Residue Determination of Naphthaleneacetic Acid in Olives (1964)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 12 (1964), S. 59-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf60131a018
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Para-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid (PCPA) Spray on Composition and Residue in Boysenberries (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 29 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (PCPA) spray on the chemical composition of boysenberries was investigated. A 100-ppm spray of PCPA 46 days before harvest produced berries 10-15% larger and heavier than the control sample. Total yield was 9% higher for the sprayed sample than for the control. The acids, soluble solids, and ascorbic acid contents of the berries varied somewhat with date of harvest and ripeness level. A gas-liquid chromatographic method was used to determine PCPA as a C14-labeled methyl ester on a column made of 20% Dow 11 high-vacuum silicone grease on Chromosorb. The method can detect .05 ppm PCPA in a 100-g sample. Boysenberry plants sprayed once, 46 days before harvest, showed a residue of 0.09 ppm in the berries, whereas those sprayed twice, at 46 and 33 days before harvest, showed a residue of 0.26 ppm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1964.tb00441.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oil Tankers and Pollution: A Microbiological Approach (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Microbiology 31 (1977), S. 379-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4227
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.31.100177.002115
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in hydrocarbon emulsification specificity of the polymeric bioemulsifier emulsan: effects of alkanols (1986)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 218-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Bioemulsifier ; interfacial activity ; emulsification ; hydrocarbons ; alkanols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The biopolymer emulsan, which forms stable emulsions with mixtures of aliphatic and cyclic (or aromatic) hydrocarbons in water, does not emulsify aliphatic hydrocarbons alone [1–4]. Monohydric primary alcohols from hexanol to dodecanol were shown to enhance the formation of pure aliphatic hydrocarbon/water emulsions under conditions of mild agitation. Enhancement was a function of emulsan concentration and was proportional to alkanol concentration (5×10−5 M to 2.5x10−4 M) at constant bioemulsifier concentration (0.05 mg/ml). Enhancement of emulsification was also found when aqueous solutions of diethanolamine and phenethyl alcohol (5 to 30×10−3 M) were substituted for the primary alcohols. None of these substances emulsified hexadecane or othern-alkanes in the absence of the biopolymer. The strongest enhancement of emulsification (3-fold) was observed with tetra- and hexadecane. At alkanol concentrations optimal for enhancement of emulsification, no significant lowering of hexadecane/ emulsan/water interfacial tension was observed. The possibility of a direct association of alkanols with the emulsan in solution, resulting in altered conformation of biopolymer and modification of its specificity toward hydrocarbons, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01414956
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of protein content on the surface activity and viscosity of emulsan (1987)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 265 (1987), S. 442-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Emulsion ; emulsifier ; lipopolysaccharide ; protein ; surface activity ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Emulsan, produced byAcinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1, consists of a lipoheteropolysaccharide-protein complex. The amount of protein in the complex depends on the purification procedure. Maximum hexadecane-in-water emulsifying activity of emulsan was obtained with preparations containing 8–16 % protein. Neither deproteinized preparations (apoemulsan) nor protein-rich preparations emulsified hexadecane-in-water; however, mixtures of these preparations (containing 10–15 % total protein) were potent emulsifiers. Emulsifying activity was also obtained with a mixture of apoemulsan and polysaccharide-free emulsan protein. The stimulatory role of protein in the activity of emulsan was also demonstrated by pronase treatment of the complex. The presence of protein in the complex was important for lowering interfacial tension between hexadecane and water. Apoemulsan solutions showedγ i values of 30 mN/m whereas, emulsan containing more than 6% protein showed values of 13–15 mN/m. Viscosity studies showed that: (i) The higher the protein content in the complex, the lower its intrinsic viscosity, indicating that association of protein with the polysaccharide backbone results in less extended conformation; (ii) the complex appears to be stable between 30 ° and 80 °C; and (iii) mixtures of apoemulsan and emulsan had intrinsic viscosities close to the value predicted from addition of the weight-fraction contribution of the individual components. The synergistic emulsifying activity of emulsan mixtures is explained in terms of surface tension lowering by the protein component and formation of stable interfacial films by the high molecular weight polysaccharide component.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01412223
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineering bacterial biopolymers for the biosorption of heavy metals; new products and novel formulations (2000)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 54 (2000), S. 451-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Bioremediation of heavy metal pollution remains a major challenge in environmental biotechnology. One of the approaches considered for application involves biosorption either to biomass or to isolated biopolymers. Many bacterial polysaccharides have been shown to bind heavy metals with varying degrees of specificity and affinity. While various approaches have been adopted to generate polysaccharide variants altered in both structure and activity, metal biosorption has not been examined. Polymer engineering has included structural modification through the introduction of heterologous genes of the biosynthetic pathway into specific mutants, leading either to alterations in polysaccharide backbone or side chains, or to sugar modification. In addition, novel formulations can be designed which enlarge the family of available bacterial biopolymers for metal-binding and subsequent recovery. An example discussed here is the use of amphipathic bioemulsifiers such as emulsan, produced by the oil-degrading Acinetobacter lwoffii RAG-1, that forms stable, concentrated (70%), oil-in-water emulsions (emulsanosols). In this system metal ions bind primarily at the oil/water interface, enabling their recovery and concentration from relatively dilute solutions. In addition to the genetic modifications described above, a new approach to the generation of amphipathic bioemulsifying formulations is based on the interaction of native or recombinant esterase and its derivatives with emulsan and other water-soluble biopolymers. Cation-binding emulsions are generated from a variety of hydrophobic substrates. The features of these and other systems will be discussed, together with a brief consideration of possible applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530000438
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The emulsan polymer: Perspectives on a microbial capsule as an industrial product (1987)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 26 (1987), S. S223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Microbial polysaccharides have become significant industrial products in recent years, primarily because of their high molecular weight and unique rheological properties. More recently, a new class of microbial biopolymer has been developed - namely, the exopolysaccharide bioemulsifiers. The best studied of this class of biopolymer is the capsular anionic polysaccharide of the oil-degrading bacterium Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1, emulsan. The emulsan polymer (MW, 106) consists of D-galacatosamine, D-galactosamine uronic acid (pKa, 3.01), and a diamino deoxyhexosamine. The amphipathic properties of emulsan are due in part to the presence of fatty acids linked to the polysaccharide backbone in both ester and amide linkages. Emulsan is characterized by a very high affinity for the oil/water interface, and its major industrial application is in the stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions at very low concentrations (emulsan : oil, 1 : 1000). This interfacial binding is accompanied by a conformational change in the polymer, which in turn allows for the concentration of normally water-soluble cations, proteins, and even phages in the oil layer after emulsion separation. Emulsan is now a commercial product produced by fermentation on an industrial scale. Two major applications are likely to involve its ability to stabilize heavy oil-in-water emulsions for (1) transportation in pipelines of high-viscosity oils at lower temperatures and (2) upgrading of high-viscosity fuels so that the homogeneous oil/water emulsions can be burned directly without water removal. Both applications have been tested on a semi-industrial scale and their feasibility has been demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360260020
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