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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histamine release from human bronchoalveolar lavage mast cells by neurokinin A and bradykinin (1997)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 46 (1997), S. 306-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Keywords: Key words: Mast cells — Bronchoalveolar lavage — Neuropeptides — Neurokinin A — Histamine liberation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Objective and Design: This study examined whether bradykinin and neurokinin A activate human pulmonary mast cells retrieved by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL).¶Subjects: BAL samples were obtained at routine bronchoscopy from 14 unpreselected patients.¶Methods: Histamine release experiments were performed using substance P, neurokinin A, bradykinin (peptides 25 and 50 μM), compound 48/80 (0.75–10 μg/ml) and A23187 (1 μM). Statistical analyses were performed using the paired Student's t-test and Pearson's linear correlation coefficient.¶Results: Compound 48/80 induced release was significantly lower than that induced by the other secretagogues (p 〈 0.05). Neurokinin A and bradykinin induced release correlated significantly with substance P induced release (p 〈 0.01), suggesting similar mechanisms of action. No correlations were observed between neurokinin A or bradykinin-induced release and the non-peptide stimuli studied.¶Conclusions: The mechanism of neurokinin A- and bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction is not yet clear but our data suggest an indirect effect mediated by mast cell degranulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000110050192
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential reactivity of human bronchoalveolar lavage mast cells to substance P (1994)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 41 (1994), S. C19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Substance P (SP) stimulates human skin and rodent mast cells. Since neuropeptide-mediated reflexes may be important in asthma, the ability of SP to stimulate human mast cells obtained at bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was examined. Routine BAL (n=22) samples were obtained and histamine release experiments performed in a standard manner. Spontaneous histamine release was bimodally distributed (Group A, high spontaneous release/Group B, normal spontaneous release). Further, Group A had significantly elevated corrected SP-induced histamine release compared to Group B but the corrected calcium ionophore A23187-induced responses were similar. No differences were found in clinical history, age, lavage return or total cell numbers between groups. However, differential cell counts revealed significantly elevated mast cell numbers in Group A providing further evidence for altered mast cell responsivity associated with mast cell hyperplasia. In asthma, BAL mast cells have increased spontaneous and stimulated secretory responses; thus, in asthma SP may also stimulate pulmonary mast cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02007748
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Substance P induces histamine release from human pulmonary mast cells (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 25 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Substance P elicits histamine release from human skin and rodent mast cells. Since neuropeptide-mediated reflexes may be important in asthma, we examined the ability of substance P to stimulate human mast cells obtained at bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). BAL samples were obtained at routine bronchoscopy from 35 non-preselected patients. Histamine release experiments were performed in a standard manner using substance P and the calcium ionophore A23187. Both substance P (50 μM) and A23187 caused histamine release (median 26.7%, range 6.2–62.8% and 32.1%, 7.7–56.8% respectively) which was significantly greater (P 〈 0.0001) than the spontaneous release (median 15.6%, range 4.1–33.4%), i.e. that in the absence of any stimulus. Substance P induced histamine release was via an energy dependent process and was blocked by preincubation with antimycin A. A significant correlation was observed between substance P induced release and spontaneous release but was not observed with A23187 induced release. Mast cell counts correlated significantly with substance P induced release but not with spontaneous or A23187 induced release. The substance P induced histamine secretion was elicited at similar concentrations to those used with rodent and human skin mast cells. Asthma is associated with increased numbers of mast cells which have both increased spontaneous and stimulated secretory responses. Thus, in vivo, the bronchoconstrictor action of substance P may in part result from activation of mast cells in the bronchial lumen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01024.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Children with stable asthma have reduced airway matrix metalloproteinase-9 and matrix metalloproteinase-9/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 ratio (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Childhood asthma is characterized by inflammation of the airways. Structural changes of the airway wall may also be seen in some children early in the course of the disease. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key mediators in the metabolism of the extracellular matrix (ECM).Objective To investigate the balance of MMP-8, MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 in the airways of children with asthma.Methods One hundred and twenty-four children undergoing elective surgical procedures also underwent non-bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). MMP-8, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were measured by ELISA.Results There was a significant reduction in MMP-9 in atopic asthmatic children (n=31) compared with normal children (n=30) [median difference: 0.57 ng/mL (95% confidence interval: 0.18–1.1 ng/mL)]. The ratio of MMP-9 to TIMP-1 was also reduced in asthmatic children. Levels of all three proteins were significantly correlated to each other and to the relative proportions of particular inflammatory cells in BAL fluid (BALF). Both MMP-8 and MMP-9 were moderately strongly correlated to the percentage neutrophil count (r=0.40 and 0.47, respectively, P〈0.001).Conclusions An imbalance of MMPs and their inhibitors occurs in children with well-controlled asthma, which may indicate early derangement of the metabolism of the ECM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02326.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-bronchoscopic sampling and culture of bronchial epithelial cells in children (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 33 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background The bronchial epithelium is likely to play a vital role in airway diseases in children, such as asthma and viral-associated wheeze. In adults, studies with primary bronchial epithelial cells cultured from samples obtained by fibre-optic bronchoscopy have provided key insights into the role of the epithelial cell. However, it is difficult to justify bronchoscopy in children to obtain epithelial cells for research purposes.Objective To examine the possibility of retrieving and culturing viable epithelial cells using a blind non-bronchoscopic method from children undergoing elective surgery.Methods Subjects were children undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia. Following intubation, non-bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage and non-bronchoscopic bronchial brushing were performed. A sheathed bronchial cytology brush was advanced through the endotracheal tube, wedged and then withdrawn 2–3 cm before gentle sampling was used to collect bronchial epithelial cells. Initial samples were used to characterize the number, type and viability of epithelial cells recovered compared to a control group of adults undergoing standard bronchoscopic sampling. Subsequent samples were used to establish primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures in children both with and without wheezing illness.Results A total of 63 children underwent bronchial brushing [38 male; median age 7.1 years (1.0–14.2 years]. Initial samples (n=30) showed recovery of viable epithelial cells comparable to that from a single brush obtained via a bronchoscope in an adult control group (n=11). In 27 (82%) of the subsequent 33 samples obtained non-bronchoscopically from children, primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures were successfully established. There were no adverse effects attributable to sampling.Conclusion We have shown that non-bronchoscopic bronchial brushing is a safe and effective technique for recovering viable bronchial epithelial cells that consistently yield primary cultures. This method will facilitate examination of the role of the epithelium in paediatric disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01752.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bronchoalveolar lavage findings suggest two different forms of childhood asthma (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 27 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background It seems plausible that children with atopy and persistent asthma symptoms will, like their adult counterparts, have chronic airways inflammation. However, many young children with no other atopic features have episodic wheezing that is triggered solely by viral respiratory infections. Little is known as to whether airways inflammation occurs in these two asthma patterns during relatively asymptomatic periods.Methods Using a non-bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) procedure on children presenting for an elective surgical procedure, this study has investigated the cellular constituents of BAL fluid in children with a history of atopic asthma (AA) non-asthmatic atopic children (NAA) or viral associated wheeze (VAW).Results A total of 95 children was studied: 52 with atopic asthma (8.0 years, range 1.1–15.3, 36 male), 23 with non-asthmatic atopy (median age 8.3 years, range 1.7–13.6, 11 male) and 20 with VAW (3.1 years, range 1.0–8.2, 13 male). No complications were observed during the lavage procedure and no adverse events were noted post-operatively. Total lavage fluid recovered was similar in all groups and the total cell numbers were higher in the VAW group. Eosinophil (P≤ 0.005) and mast cell (P≤ 0.05) numbers were significantly elevated in the group with atopic asthma.Conclusions During relatively asymptomatic periods there is on-going airways inflammation, as demonstrated by eosinophil and mast cell recruitment, in children with asthma and atopy but not in children with viral associated wheeze or atopy alone. This strongly suggests that there are different underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in these two groups of children who wheeze.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb01254.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histamine release from bronchoalveolar lavage cells from asthmatic subjects after allergen challenge and relationship to the late asthmatic response (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 28 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Metachromatic cells obtained from asthmatic subjects demonstrate increased spontaneous and stimulated histamine release in vitro. Their ability to synthesize and store proinflammatory cytokines has focused renewed interest on their role in asthma.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ObjectiveThe late asthmatic response provides a useful model of clinical asthma. The aim of the study was to examine metachromatic cell derived mediators and histamine releasability in vitro after in vivo allergen exposure in atopic subjects with and without asthma and relate them to the type of physiological response observed.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉MethodsBronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells were obtained 4 h after challenge from asthmatics exhibiting a single early response (EAR, n = 5), a dual response (LAR, n = 7), unchallenged (basal, n = 5), atopic non-asthmatic (ANA, n = 6) and non-atopic non-asthmatics (normal, n = 5). BAL histamine and tryptase concentrations and in vitro histamine release (HR) after stimulation with anti-IgE, allergen, A23187, conconavalin A and substance P were compared.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉ResultsMetachromatic cell numbers were lower in normal controls compared with all asthmatic groups and in LAR compared with EAR. Metachromatic cell derived mediators were higher in asthmatic compared with normal subjects. Spontaneous HR in LAR (20.5 ± 5.0%) was lower than EAR (29.5 ± 3.9%) and ANA (30.2 ± 1.4%) (P 〈 0.05). No differences were seen in stimulated HR between EAR and LAR. HR in ANA stimulated with anti-IgE was greater than LAR (P 〈 0.05). HR in ANA stimulated with anti-IgE was greater than LAR (P 〈 0.05). After stimulation with ionophore A23187 (1 μM), release was greater in LAR compared with basal (P 〈 0.05) and no different at 5 μM. All subject groups responded to substance P (SP) but was significantly more in the asthmatic subjects compared to normal controls (P 〈 0.05). Allergen challenge did not modify the response of asthmatic subjects to SP.〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionFunctional differences in metachromatic cell reactivity are present in atopic subjects 4 h after in vivo allergen exposure which relate to the physiological response observed after this time and suggest that there is ongoing metachromatic cell degranulation subjects who subsequently develop LAR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00228.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of three standard methods of identifying mast cells in endobronchial biopsies in normal and asthmatic subjects (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 52 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Reported mast-cell counts in endobronchial biopsies from asthmatic subjects are conflicting, with different methodologies often being used. This study compared three standard methods of counting mast cells in endobronchial biopsies from asthmatic and normal subjects. Endobronchial biopsies were obtained from atopic asthmatic subjects (n= 17), atopic nonasthmatic subjects (n=6), and nonatopic nonasthmatic control subjects (n=5). After overnight fixation in Carnoy's fixative, mast cells were stained by the short and long toluidine blue methods and antitryptase immunohistochemistry and were counted by light microscopy. Method comparison was made according to Bland & Altman. The limits of agreement were unacceptable for each of the comparisons, suggesting that the methods are not interchangeable. Coefficients of repeatability were excellent, and not different for the individual techniques. These results suggest that some of the reported differences in mast-cell numbers in endobronchial biopsies in asthma may be due to the staining method used, making direct comparisons between studies invalid. Agreement on a standard method is required for counting mast cells in bronchial biopsies, and we recommend the immunohistochemical method, since fixation is less critical and the resultant tissue sections facilitate clear, accurate, and rapid counts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb02155.x
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