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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short Inverted-Repeat Transposable Elements in Teleost Fish and Implications for a Mechanism of Their Amplification (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 48 (1999), S. 13-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Zebrafish — Miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE), polymorphism — Genetic mapping — Stem-loop — A/T-rich sequence, DNA replication and amplification — Template switching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Angel is the first miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) isolated from fish. Angel elements are imperfect palindromes with the potential to form stem-loop structures in vitro. Despite sequence divergence of elements of up to 55% within and between species, their inverted repeat structures have been maintained, implying functional importance. We estimate that there are about 103–104 Angels scattered throughout the zebrafish genome, evidence that this family of transposable elements has been significantly amplified over the course of evolution. Angel elements and Xenopus MITEs carry common sequence motifs at their termini, indicating common origin and/or related mechanisms of transposition. We present a model in which MITEs take advantage of the basic cellular mechanism of DNA replication for their amplification, which is dependent on the characteristic inverted repeat structures of these elements. We propose that MITEs are genomic parasites that transpose via a DNA intermediate, which forms by a folding-back of a single strand of DNA, that borrow all of the necessary factors for their amplification from products encoded in the genomes in which they reside. DNA polymorphisms in different lines of zebrafish were detected by PCR using Angel-specific primers, indicating that such elements, combined with other transposons in vertebrate genomes, will be useful molecular tools for genome mapping and genetic analyses of mutations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006440
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of Expression Vectors for Transgenic Fish (1990)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Company
    Nature biotechnology 8 (1990), S. 1268-1272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] Genetic alteration of fish is important for aquatic biotechnology as well as for investigating molecular interactions that occur during vertebrate development. The numerous, large, transparent, and externally fertilized eggs of many fish species make them ideally suitable for genetic manipulation, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1290-1268
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiological mapping of the ribosomal RNA transcription unit in E. coli (1974)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 251 (1974), S. 639-641 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The ultraviolet light technique for mapping transcriptional linkage is based on the observation that certain lesions induced in DNA by ultraviolet light cause premature termination of transcription at the site of the lesion and that no reinitiation occurs beyond the lesion up to the next ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/251639a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of a Tc1-like transposable element in zebrafish (Danio rerio) (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 247 (1995), S. 312-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Transposable element ; Evolution Zebrafish ; Transposase ; Inverted repeats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have characterized Tdr1, a family of Tc1-like transposable elements found in the genome of zebrafish (Danio rerio). The copy number and distribution of the sequence in the zebrafish genome have been determined, and by these criteria Tdr1 can be classified as a moderately repetitive, interspersed element. Examination of the sequences and structures of several copies of Tdr1 revealed that a particular deletion derivative, 1250 by long, of the transposon has been amplified to become the dominant form of Tdr1. The deletion in these elements encompasses sequences encoding the N-terminal portion of the putative Tdr1 transposase. Sequences corresponding to the deleted region were also detected, and thus allowed prediction of the nucleotide sequence of a hypothetical full-length element. Well conserved segments of Tc1-like transposons were found in the flanking regions of known fish genes, suggesting that these elements have a long evolutionary history in piscine genomes. Tdr1 elements have long, 208 by inverted repeats, with a short DNA motif repeated four times at the termini of the inverted repeats. Although different from that of the prototype C. elegans transposon Tc1, this inverted repeat structure is shared by transposable elements from salmonid fish species and two Drosophila species. We propose that these transposons form a subgroup within the Tc1-like family. Comparison of Tc1-like transposons supports the hypothesis that the transposase genes and their flanking sequences have been shaped by independent evolutionary constraints. Although Tc1-like sequences are present in the genomes of several strains of zebrafish and in salmonid fishes, these sequences are not conserved in the genus Danio, thus raising the possibility that these elements can be exploited for gene tagging and genome mapping.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293199
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of expression of transgenes in developing fish (1993)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 2 (1993), S. 153-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: β-actin gene ; goldfish ; promoter ; transcription ; zebrafish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The transcriptional regulatory elements of the β-actin gene of carp (Cyprinus carpio) have been examined in zebrafish and goldfish harbouring transgenes. The high sequence conservation of the putative regulatory elements in the β-actin genes of animals suggested that their function would be conserved, so that transgenic constructs with the same transcriptional control elements would promote similar levels of transgene expression in different species of transgenic animals. To test this assumption, we analysed the temporal expression of a reporter gene under the control of transcriptional control sequences from the carp β-actin gene in zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) and goldfish (Carrasius auratus). Our results indicated that, contrary to expectations, combinations of different transcriptional control elements affected the level, duration, and onset of gene expression differently in developing zebrafish and goldfish. The major differences in expression of β-actin/CAT (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) constructs in zebrafish and goldfish were: (1) overall expression was almost 100-fold higher in goldfish than in zebrafish embryos, (2) the first intron had an enchancing effect on gene expression in zebrafish but not in goldfish, and (3) the serum-responsive/CArG-containing regulatory element in the proximal promoter was not always required for maximal CAT activity in goldfish, but was required in zebrafish. These results suggest that in the zebrafish, but not in the goldfish, there may be interactions between motifs in the proximal promoter and the first intron which appear to be required for maximal enhancement of transcription.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01972609
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Position‐independent expression of transgenes in zebrafish (1999)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 8 (1999), S. 321-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: border elements ; position effects ; transgenics ; zebrafish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The variability in expression patterns of transgenes, caused by the influence of neighboring chromatin, is called 'position effect'. Border elements are DNA sequences, which have the ability to alleviate position effects. The abilities of two types of border elements, scs/scs′ from the D. melanogaster 87A7 heat shock locus and the A‐element from the chicken lysozyme gene, to protect transgenes from position effects were quantified in developing zebrafish embryos. The transgenic construct used was FV3CAT, which consists of the carp β‐actin transcriptional regulatory region, the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene and the 3′‐untranslated region from the Chinook salmon growth hormone gene. FV3CAT constructs flanked by either scs/scs′‐elements or A‐elements were introduced into zebrafish chromosomes and the spatial and temporal expression patterns of the transgenes were quantified in multiple generations of transgenic zebrafish. Levels of transgene expression were uniform in the pre‐differentiated and fully differentiated populations of cells present during embryonic development. Levels of transgene expression were proportional to the numbers of integrated transgenes. Expression of transgenes per cell varied less than two‐fold in different transgenic lines. Both types of border elements were able to prevent the influences of neighboring chromatin on transgene expression through three generations of fish. The results are consistent with the ability of border elements to function with equal efficiencies in the many cell types found in vertebrates. Thus, inclusion of border elements in genetic constructs can provide reliable and reproducible levels of gene expression in multiple lines of fish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008993022331
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