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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoconductive properties of TiO2 films prepared by the sol–gel method and its application (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 32 (1997), S. 3183-3188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The Photoconductive characteristics of TiO2 films prepared by the sol-gel method, and the photovoltaic characteristics fabricated with the resulting TiO2 film and phthalocyanine nickel (NiPc) are investigated. For a TiO2 film with hydroxypropyl cellulose (Hpc) heat treated at 500°C for 10 min, the relative sensitivity is about ten times higher than that without Hpc. A space-charge-limited current is observed in the dark current–voltage characteristic of the TiO2 film with Hpc. It is found that the TiO2 film with Hpc has a photosensitizing effect. The photovoltaic characteristics of TiO2(Hpc)/NiPc are as follows: the short-circuit current density, Jsc is 5.6×10-7 A cm-2, the open-circuit voltage, Voc is 0.24 V, the fill factor (F.F) is 0.64 and the power conversion efficiency, η is 0.73. Furthermore, the carrier transport mechanisms of the TiO2(Hpc)/NiPc photovoltaic cell are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018602801793
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoconductive properties of cadmium sulfide encapsulated in polymers (1987)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 153 (1987), S. 71-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Photoleitfähigkeit von mit Poly(methylmethacrylat), Poly(styrol) oder Poly(vinylcarbazol) umhülltem Cadmiumsulfid wurde untersucht. Dabei konnte ein bemerkenswerter lichtempfindlicher Effekt festgestellt werden. Der lichtempfindliche Effekt von in Poly(methylmethacrylat) eingekapseltem Cadmiumsulfid ist besonders ausgeprägt und hängt stark von der Einkapselungsgeschwindigkeit ab. Die Sensitiverungsmechanismen für eingekapseltes Cadmiumsulfid (C-CdS), Cadmiumsulfid alleine und Cadmiumsulfid-Polymermischungen wurden erörtert und miteinander verglichen. Weiterhin wurde die Abhängigkeit des Dunkelstroms und die Anstiegsgeschwindigkeit des Photostroms von der Temperature untersucht.
    Notes: Cadmium sulfide (CdS) was encapsulated in poly(methylmethacrylate), poly(styrene) or poly(vinylcarbazole) by the encapsulating polymerization process, and its photoconductivity was investigated. As result, it was observed a remarkable light-sensitive effect. The light sensitive effect of CdS encapsulated in poly(methylmethacrylate) (C-MMA-CdS) is particularly marked and depends largely on the encapsulation rate. The photosensitive mechanisms of encapsulated cadmium sulfide (C-CdS), CdS material, and CdS/polymer dispersion composites were discussed and compared. Furthermore, the temperature dependence of the dark current and the initial rising rate of the sensitizing photocurrent were studied.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1987.051530105
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoconductivity properties of zinc oxide encapsulated in polymers (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 139 (1986), S. 49-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Photoleitfähigkeit von mit verschiedenen Polymeren umhülltem Zinkoxid wurde untersucht. Mit Polystyrol behandeltes Zinkoxid (C-St-ZnO) zeigte einen ausgeprägten Lichtsensitivierungseffekt. Weiterhin wurde beobachtet, daß die Sensitivierung proportional zur Erhöhung des Einkapselungsverhältnisses ansteigt. Bei den Filmen von Mischungen aus C-St-ZnO und Polystyrol zeigte der mit 5% Polystyrol einen bemerkenswerten Sensitivierungseffekt. Zusätzlich wurden Untersuchungen bezüglich des Sensitivierungsmechanismus des Zinkoxids durch Bestimmung des Dunkelstroms und der Anstiegsgeschwindigkeit des Photostroms untersucht.
    Notes: Zinc oxide encapsulated in various polymers was studied concerning its effect on photoconductivity. Consequently, zinc oxide encapsulated in polystyrene (C-St-ZnO) showed a marked light sensitization effect. Further, the tendency was observed that the light sensitization effect was increased in proportion to an increase of the encapsulation ratio. Furthermore, in the composite films of C-St-ZnO and polystyrene, the film in which 5% of polystyrene is blended showed a remarkable light sensitization effect. Some studies were carried out with respect to the light sensitization mechanism of this encapsulated zinc oxide by examining the dark current property and the initial rising rate of the sensitized photocurrent.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1986.051390106
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical properties of an acrylic elastomer-LiClO4 complex as a polymeric solid electrolyte (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 196 (1995), S. 1813-1820 
    Details
    ISSN: 1022-1352
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A polymeric solid electrolyte having a low glass transition temperature, obtained by complexing LuCIO4 with an acrylic elastomer (AR) containing ester groups in the side chains, shows a conductivity of 2,0 · 10-4 S/cm (LiCIO4: 2,1 mmol/g AR, film thickness: ca. 100-300 μm) at 80°C. From the relationship between ionic conductivity and LiCIO4 concentration, we conclude that LiCI4 dissociates in the acrylic elastomer to produce carrier ions. We also suggest, in regard to temperature characteristics of ionic conductivity and reciprocal dielectric relaxation time, that the driff of ions is related to the motion of acrylic elastomer chains. The carrier mobility in the acrylic elastomer-LiCIO4 complex was measured by using the voltage polarity reversing method. The carrier mobility increased with increasing LiCIO4 concentration and temperature.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1995.021960602
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Encapsulating polymerization of titanium dioxide (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 189 (1991), S. 23-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Titandioxid wurde durch Emulsionspolymerisation mit Polymethylmethacrylat und Polystyrol verkapselt. Der Einfluß der Monomer-, Initiator-und TiO2-Konzentration und des pH-Wertes der Emulsion wurde untersucht. In den Emulsionen, in denen die Kettenenden und die Metalloxidoberfläche entgegengesetzt geladen sind, bildet sich nichtextrahierbares Polymers. Die Kapselpolymeren haben ein hohes Molekulargewicht und eine hohe Dichte, was auf spezielle Strukturen der Polymeren hinweist.
    Notes: Titanium dioxide was encapsulated in polymethyl methacrylate and polystyrene by the emulsion polymerization process, and the influence of various polymerization conditions such as the monomer and initiator concentrations and amounts of titanium oxide on the polymerization behavior was investigated. In the polymerization mixture where the end of the polymer chain and the metal oxide surface are oppositely charged, unextractable polymer is formed well. The encapsulating polymers show special structures with high molecular weight and high density.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1991.051890103
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal behaviour of TiO2-encapsulating polymers (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 188 (1991), S. 73-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die thermischen Eigenschaften von Polystyrol and Poly(methylmethacrylat) mit verkapseltem und dispergiertem TiO2 wurden verglichen. Die verkapselnden Polymeren zeigen zwei thermische Relaxationsbereiche, deren nach Wunderlich ermittelte Aktivierungsenergien denen von dynamischen Dispersionen ähnlich sind. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß die Niedertemperaturrelaxation durch lokale Änderungen der Konformation der Makromoleküle hervorgerufen wird, während die Hochtemperaturrelaxation dem normalen Glasübergang einschließlich der Wechselwirkung mit TiO2 vergleichbar ist. Das thermische Verhalten nahe der Zersetzungstemperatur in verschiedenen Atmosphären deutet darauf hin, daß in den verkapselnden Polymeren spezifische Strukturen vorhanden sind, die eine große Menge Sauerstoff adsorbieren können.
    Notes: Comparing the thermal properties of TiO2 encapsulating polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) with those of TiO2 dispersion polymers it was found that the encapsulating polymers have two thermal relaxation regions. The activation energy of those thermal relaxation regions was determined using the Wunderlich method and it was found that the values are similar to the activation energy for the dynamic dispersion. It is suggested that the low-temperature thermal relaxation is caused by the local change of conformation of molecular chains, while the high-temperature thermal relaxation is similar to that of the normal glass transition temperature including the interaction with TiO2. In addition, the thermal behaviour near the degradation point in different atmospheres indicates that the encapsulating polymer has a specific structure for adsorbing a large amount of oxygen.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1991.051880107
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of polypyrrole by electrochemical polymerization using organic anion electrolytes and its application (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 218 (1994), S. 137-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die elektrochemische Polymerisation von Polypyrrol wurde aus wäßriger Lösung mit verschiedenen anionischen, organischen Elektrolyten durchgeführt, und die elektrischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften sowie das Verbindungsverhalten in Sandwichstrukturen wurden untersucht. Als Elektrolyte wurden p-Toluolsulfonat- (p-TS-), Benzolsulfonat- (BS-), Dodecylbenzolsulfonat- (DBS-), Naphthol-2-sulfonat-(N-2-S-) und Sulfosuccinat- (SS-) Anionen verwendet; deren Wirkung auf die Leitfähigkeit der Polypyrrole nimmt in der Reihe DBS- 〉 p-TS- 〉 N-2-S- 〉 SS- 〉 SS- ab. Durch Filmverstrecken konnten eine höhere Leitfähigkeit und bessere mechanische Eigenschaften erzielt werden. In Verbindung mit Indium zeigt Polypyrrol Gleichrichterverhalten, mit Gold oder Platin dagegen Ohmsches Verhalten. Die Analyse von Strom-Spannungs-Kurven und Kapazitäts-Spannungs-Kurven deutet auf die Ausbildung einer Schottky-Grenzschicht an der Grenzfläche zwischen Polypyrrol und Indiumhin.
    Notes: The synthesis of polypyrrole from aqueous solutions using various organic anion electrolytes and its electric and mechanical properties and the junction characteristics of sandwich devices were investigated.As electrolytes the following anions were used: p-toluenesulfonate (p-TS-), benzenesulfonate (BS-), dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS-), naphthalene-2-sulfonate (N-2-S-) and sulfosuccinate (SS-1); their effect on the conductivities of the polypyrroles decreases in the order DBS-1 〉 p-TS-1 〉 N-2-S-1 〉 BS- 〉 SS-. Higher conductivity and mechanical properties were obtained by drawing of films. With indium, polypyrrole forms rectification contacts, whereas ohmic contacts are formed in junction with Au or Pt. From the analysis of the current-vs.-voltage and capacitance-vs.-voltage characteristics, it is suggested that a Schottky barrier is formed at the interface between polypyrrole and indium.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1994.052180110
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical properties of polypyrrole-polymer composite films (1986)
    Basel : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie, Rapid Communications 7 (1986), S. 697-701 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-2803
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.1986.030071103
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