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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 106 (1984), S. 1167-1168 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 3877-3883 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine Fourier-Transform-Ionen-Cyclotron-Resonanz-Studie zur Struktur von Phenyl-substituierten 2-Azaallenium-IonenDurch Protonenabstraktionsreaktionen in Kombination mit Deuterium-Markierungsexperimenten wird gezeigt, daß die Ionen 1-3, die durch Elektronenstoß aus Benzylidenaminen durch Alkylradikal-Abspaltung aus der α-Position erzeugt werden, die Struktur von Phenyl-substituierten 2-Azaallenium-Ionen besitzen. Die durch die Deprotonierung entstehenden Moleküle zeigen sehr hohe Gasphasenbasizitäten (größer als 231.7 kcal/mol).
    Notes: It is shown by proton abstraction reactions in combination with deuterium labelling that the initial structure of the ions 1-3 generated by electron impact from some benzylideneamines through loss of an alkyl radical via α-cleavage is indeed that of phenyl-substituted 2-azaallenium ions. The deprotonated species appear to have very high gas-phase basicities, that are higher than 231.7 kcal/mol.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 2015-2021 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Carbon-Scrambling of Gaseous Cyclopentadiene Radical Cation., A Mass Spectrometric Process Related to the Photo-Transposition of Carbon Atoms in CyclopentadieneThe experimentally obtained result that cyclopentadiene radical cations (1+·) prior to dissociation to C2H2 and H2C = C = CH+·2 (14) undergo complete carbon atom scrambling is investigated by means of semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations (MINDO/3). The results show that there exist at least three competing pathways all of which proceed via transition states lower in energy than the dissociation barrier for generating C2H2 + H2C = C = CH+·2. The energetically favoured pathway proceeds via 1+· → 10+· → 11+·. Which is the precise analogue of the photo-induced isomerization of cyclopentadiene.
    Notes: Der experimentelle Befund, daß die Radikalkationen von Cyclopentadien (1+) vor ihrem Zerfall zu C2H2 und H2C = C = CH+·2 einen kompletten Kohlenstoff-Platzwechsel erfahren, wird mit Hilfe semi-empirischer Molekülorbitalrechnungen (MINDO/3) analysiert. Drei miteinander konkurrierende Reaktionswege wurden gefunden, von denen jeder über Übergangszustände verläuft, die jeweils energetisch niedriger liegen als die Dissoziationsbarriere. Der energetisch günstigste Weg verläuft über den mit der photo-induzierten Umlagerung verwandten Weg 1+· → 10+· → 11+·.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2626-2634 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Mass Spectrometric Investigation of Nitrogen Compounds, XXXV. Phenyl-substituted 2-Azaallenium Ions in the Gas PhaseThe gas phase chemistry of metastable phenyl-substituted 2-azaallenium ions (2a,b,c) is characterized by intramolecular electrophilic substitution reactions; these processes are energetically favoured in comparison with various phenyl and hydrogen migrations, in spite of the fact that the latter may give rise to the formation of more stable intermediates (nitrilium ions). As a direct consequence of the electrophilic substitution, 2a, c decompose via loss of HCN, whereas from 2b PhCN is eliminated unimolecularly. The combination of experimental investigations, employing [2H]-and [13C]-labelled precursors, and MNDO calculations allows to give a detailed description of the chemistry of isolated 2a,b,c cations.
    Notes: Für die Gasphasenchemie metastabiler phenylsubstituierter 2-Azaallenium-Ionen (2a,b,c) sind intramolekulare elektrophile Substitutionen charakteristisch; diese sind energetisch günstiger als diverse Phenyl- und Wasserstoff-Wanderungen, obwohl letztere zu thermochemisch stabileren Zwischenprodukten (Nitrilium-Ionen) führen. Als Folge der elektrophilen Substitution zerfallen 2a und 2c unimolekular unter HCN-Eliminierung, während aus 2b PhCN eliminiert wird. Experimente unter Benutzung [2H]- und [13C]-markierter Substrate liefern zusammen mit MNDO-Rechnungen ein detailliertes Bild für die Chemie von „isolierten“ 2a,b,c-Kationen.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 117 (1984), S. 3194-3204 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Gas Phase Chemistry of Metastable Thiophene Cation RadicalsThe unimolecular loss of acetylene from metastable thiophene cation radicals (1) has been studied by means of 13C and deuterium labelling and semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations (MINDO/3). It is shown that direct loss of acetylene from unrearranged 1 amounts to less than 5.3%:1.2% involving C-α/C-β and 4.1% for loss of C-β/C-β for dissociations with lifetimes t ≈ 10-5.5s. More than 94% of the long-lived molecular ions rearrange prior to dissociation, and it is shown that the majority of 1 (64.5%) undergoes complete carbon atom scrambling, presumably via the tricyclic cation radical 12. 30.2% of 1 suffer a degenerate isomerization involving either the pyramidal cation radical 11 or the bicyclic cation radicals 13, the latter undergoing a “Merry-go-round” rearrangement. At shorter lifetimes of 1 (t ≈ 10-6.5S) the isomerization pattern is only slightly changed. In agreement with previous kinetic studies of Butler and Baer8) it is shown by collisional activation mass spectrometry and the MINDO/3-study that the structure of the C2H2S+. ion generated from 1 is best described as that of the thioketene cation radical (18) and not of the isomeric mercaptoacetylene 21. The loss of both deuterated and 13C-labelled acetylene from labelled 1 is subject to a kinetic isotope effect.  -  The syntheses of the various isotopomers are described.
    Notes: Die unimolekulare Acetylen-Eliminierung aus den metastabilen Molekül-Ionen des Thiophens (1) wird durch eine Kombination von MINDO/3-Rechnungen und 13C- und D-Markierung analysiert. Es wird gezeigt, daß Ionen mit einer Lebensdauer von ca. 10-5.5 s nur untergeordnet zu einem direkten Zerfall befähigt sind: 1.2% für die C2H2-Abspaltung aus der C-α/C-β- und 4.1% für die aus der C-β/C-β-Position. Mehr als 94% der metastabilen Ionen erleiden vor ihrem Zerfall eine Isomerisierung, die zu 64.5% über das tricyclische Radikalkation 12 verläuft. Die Umlagerung über das pyramidale Ion 11 oder in Form einer „Merry-go-round“-Isomerisierung über 13 findet zu 30.2% statt. Bei kürzeren Zerfallszeiten (t ≈ 10-6.5s) ändert sich das Verhalten von 1 nicht wesentlich. In Übereinstimmung mit den kinetischen Untersuchungen von Butler und Baer8) belegen sowohl unsere Stoßaktivierungsuntersuchung als auch die MINDO/3-Analyse, daß den resultierenden C2H2S+.-Ionen die Struktur eines Thioketen-Radikalkations (18) und nicht des isomeren Mercaptoacetylens (21) zukommt. Der Verlust von deuteriertem bzw. 13C-markiertem Acetylen ist mit einem kinetischen Isotopieeffekt verknüpft.  -  Die Synthesen der verschiedenen Isotopomeren werden beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: C—C Cleavage of Ionized Carboxylic Acids as Reversal of [1,4] Additions of Alkyl Radicals to Protonated, α,β-Unsaturated Acids.  -  On the Role of Enol Cation Radicals as Reactive Intermediates in Isomerization/Dissociation Reactions in the Gas PhaseMetastable molecular ions of pivalic acid (5) and 2-methylbutanoic acid (8) decompose unimolecularly via methyl loss, thereby specifically generating protonated crotonic acid (5 → 6) and protonated methacrylic acid (8 → 7), respectively. The investigation of 13C and 2H labelled isotopomers of 5 and 8 together with MNDO calculations of parts of the potential energy surface of 8 reveals that C—C cleavage requires the presence of enol cation radicals of the general structure 1 as reactive intermediates. Cation radicals of carboxylic acids in which the radical centre is not adjacent to the protonated carboxylic function, as for example in 3, do not serve as actual precursors for the C—C cleavage; instead, isomerization of 1 is required. The fact that enol cation radicals, i.e. 1, 13 and 14, are of essential importance in the splitting of C—C bonds of ionized carboxylic acids is a direct consequence of the fact that these dissociations can be viewed as the reversal of [1,4] addition of (nucleophilic) alkyl radicals to protonated α,β-unsaturated acids, which proceeds preferentially via enol cation radical intermediates.
    Notes: Metastabile Molekül-Ionen der Pivalinsäure (5) und 2-Methylbuttersäure (8) verlieren unimolekular Methyl-Radikale, wobei aus 5 ausschließlich protonierte Crotonsäure (6) entsteht, während 8 nur protonierte Methacrylsäure (7) liefert. Die Untersuchung von 13C- und D-markierten Isotopomeren von 5 und 8 belegt, zusammen mit MNDO-Rechnungen für den Zerfall von 8, daß C—C- Bindungsbruch ausschließlich aus Enol-Radikalkationen der allgemeinen Struktur 1 erfolgt. Ist das Radikalzentrum nicht zur protonierten Carboxylgruppe benachbart, wie beispielsweise in 3, so ist der Dissoziation metastabiler Ionen immer eine Umlagerung vorgelagert, die letzten Endes ein Enol-Radikalkation erzeugt. Die zentrale Rolle der Enol-Radikalkationen, wie 1, 13 und 14, bei C—C-Spaltungen ist darauf zurückzuführen, daß die Dissoziation als Umkehrung der [1,4]-Addition von (nucleophilen) Alkyl-Radikalen an protonierte α,β-ungesättigte Carbonsäuren anzusehen ist.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 7 (1986), S. 93-104 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Heats of formation of 119 closed- and open-shell carbocations calculated by the semiempirical quantum chemical methods MINDO/3 and MNDO are reported and compared with experimental data. With proper consideration of failures in specific areas, both methods can be used for the thermodynamics of carbocations containing C, H, N, and O. MINDO/3 predicts unrealistic values for nitrogen containing cations with nitrogen multiple bonds and is not suited for closed-shell cations containing oxygen. Saturated acyclic hydrocarbon radical cations often are computed with abnormally long CC bonds by MNDO. Otherwise, the standard deviation of the two methods is not very different, being in the range of ±13 kcal/mol. MINDO/3 tends to overestimate the cation stabilities, whereas MNDO calculates cations usually too high in energy. Some of the errors which were found in the calculations of the ions are related to the computed values for the parent neutral structures, but others are not.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 19 (1984), S. 617-622 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The least-squares analysis of collisional activation mass spectra provides evidence that 1,1-dihydroxy-3-methylbutene cation radical (a) and 1-hydroxy-1-methoxy-3-methylbutene cation radical (c) (generated in a McLafferty-type rearrangement from 2-isopropyl-3-methylbutanoic acid and its methyl ester) give rise to product ions b and d, the stereochemistry of which at the double bond is determined by the lifetime (internal energy) of a and c, respectively. Decompositions of a and c in the ion source yield predominantly the less stable cis-configurated stereoisomers of b and d, whereas dissociation of a and c at longer lifetimes (lower internal energy) results in the formation of the thermochemically more stable trans isomers of b and d. A qualitative MNDO analysis is provided which takes into account the special features of stereoelectronic control of radical chemistry in the cleavage of a carbon—carbon bond.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 18 (1983), S. 147-149 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By means of collisional activation mass spectrometry and semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations (MNDO) it is shown that the [C2H5O2]+ ions from metastable molecular ions of n-pentanoic and hexanoic acid have the structure of carbonyl protonated acetic acid [CH3C(OH)2]+. The MNDO calculated geometries of this ion and some other isomeric forms are given together with the ΔHf0 values.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new radical cation having the methyl carbene type structure [CH3CHClH]+· has been characterized in the gas phase. It is readily generated by the dissociative ionization [CH3CHCICO2H]+· → CO2+[CH3CHCIH]+·. Its enthalpy of formation has been estimated to be 951 kJ mol-1, close to that of [CH3CH2CI]+·. The principal fragmentation characteristics (loss of HCl and Cl·) of the ion are discussed. A brief description of the bromo analogue [CH3CHBrH]+· is also given.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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