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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histamine release in skin monitored with the microdialysis technique does not correlate with the weal size induced by cow allergen (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 134 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to monitor histamine release in immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions in the skin of 10 atopic patients, sensitive to cow, by using the microdialysis technique. Three healthy subjects, without any atopic features or background, served as the control group. The probe inserted into the forearm dermal skin was perfused with isotonic saline solution. Samples were collected at 15-min intervals. After the first allergen challenge of four prick tests close to the probe with cow allergen extract, the skin was similarly repricked again in five patients and three healthy subjects, and in five other patients, 25μl of 10μmol/l substance P (SP) was injected intracutaneously. The samples were analysed for histamine by radioenzyme assay. The patients were clinically evaluated for allergic symptoms, prick- and scratch-patch test reactivity and for serum cow-specific, and total, IgE levels.The baseline histamine concentration was 7·5±4·0 nmol/l (mean±standard deviation: SD; n=10). After the allergen challenge, the histamine concentration in the consecutive samples was 11·9±11·0 nmol/l, 91·1±127·3 nmol/l, 61·0±94·2 nmol/l and 33·7±53·7 nmol/l. The peak concentration was detected in the 15–30 min fraction, and it varied between 0 and 406 nmol/l regardless of the weal size. The second allergen challenge was unable to induce marked additional histamine release, but SP induced extensive histamine liberation in those patients who did not exhibit histamine release during the preceding prick tests. In three healthy subjects, the baseline histamine concentration was 6·2±3·9 nmol/l. After the allergen challenge, no additional histamine liberation could be measured.Surprisingly, the histamine release was not related to the size of the cow-induced weal nor was it related to any specific allergic symptoms or IgE levels. The results suggest that, in some patients, mast cell mediators other than histamine play a significant part in immediate-type allergic reactions of skin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.d01-744.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interleukin-4-positive mast cells are highly associated with the extent of immediate allergic wheal reaction in the skin (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 56 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: In addition to histamine, mast cells contain other potent mediators which can contribute to the allergic wheal reaction in the skin. Methods: To study the association of tryptase-, chymase-, and interleukin-4 (IL-4)-positive mast cells with the size of the prick-test wheal reaction, 50 sensitive atopic subjects were prick-tested with the cow-dander allergen on the forearm skin, and the wheal area was measured. A corresponding site of intact healthy-looking skin was biopsied and examined enzyme-histochemically for tryptase and chymase. A double-staining method was used to demonstrate the immunoreactivity of IL-4 and chymase inhibitors (α1-proteinase inhibitor and α1-antichymotrypsin) in mast cells. The levels of total and cow-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) were measured in serum. Results: The number of tryptase- and chymase-positive mast cells or those containing chymase inhibitors revealed no correlation with the wheal reaction. In contrast, both the percentage and the number of IL-4-positive mast cells showed significant positive correlation with the wheal size per se (P〈0.0001), as well as with the ratio of the wheal size by cow allergen to that by histamine control (P〈0.003). In addition, tryptase-, chymase-, and IL-4-positive mast cells correlated with total IgE, but not with specific IgE, levels, and they showed no relation to the clinical manifestation of atopic disease, asthma or atopic dermatitis. Conclusions: The novel finding was that IL-4-positive, but not tryptase- and chymase-positive, mast cells are intimately associated with the extent of the prick-test wheal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.00833.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histamine and LTC4 in stinging nettle-induced urticaria (2000)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 55 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00635.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of histamine assay methods in measuring in vitro-induced histamine release in patients with allergic rhinitis (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 44 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: histamine release tests using whole blood were applied in testing in vitro Type I birch allergic reaction in two patients with allergic rhinitis. Heparinized blood was incubated with varying dilutions of allergen for 30 min at + 37°C. After centrifugation of the blood, plasma was separated and the liberated histamine was analysed by histamine radio enzyme assay (REA), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with postcolumn derivatization system or radio immuno assay (RIA), and the results obtained by these methods were compared. REA and HPLC gave similar results, while RIA gave somewhat higher values, but was less sensitive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1989.tb02269.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The release of histamine is associated with the inactivation of mast cell chymase during immediate allergic wheal reaction in the skin (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 31 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Chymase released by mast cells can participate in the immediate allergic wheal. However, chymase may be susceptible to inactivation by protease inhibitors during degranulation.Objective To study the inactivation of chymase and the release of histamine in the immediate allergic wheal reaction.Methods Ten sensitive atopic subjects were prick-tested with the cow dander allergen, and skin biopsies were taken from the control skin and from the challenge site at 30 and 120 min. Tryptase (Tact) and chymase (Cact) activities in mast cells were measured enzyme-histochemically. Sequential double-staining was used to demonstrate the activity and immunoreactivity (Cprot) of chymase in the same mast cell as well as α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI) and α1-antichymotrypsin (α1-AC) in Tact+ cells. Skin microdialysis was used to monitor histamine release after the allergen challenge for up to 120 minResults The numbers of Tact+ and Cact+ cells were already maximally decreased at 30 min by 37 ± 17% and 61 ± 31%, respectively (mean ± SD, P 〈 0.0001). At the same time the Cact+/Cprot+ ratio decreased from 82 ± 15% to 43 ± 16% (P 〈 0.0001). The cumulative histamine release at 30 min correlated negatively with the Cact+/Tact+ (P = 0.047) and Cact+/Cprot+ (P = 0.024) ratios, but positively with the decrease in the number of Cact+ cells (P = 0.024). These data indicate that the higher the histamine release the lower the chymase activity. Also the number of Tact+ cells in the control skin correlated positively with the cumulative histamine release at 120 min (P = 0.043). In the control skin, 95 ± 6% and 76 ± 8% of the Tact+ cells displayed α1-AC and α1-PI, respectively.Conclusion In addition to extensive degranulation of mast cells, chymase is also rapidly inactivated after the allergen challenge, possibly by pre-existing chymase inhibitors in the mast cells. This inactivation is associated with the release of histamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01030.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Release of soluble tryptase but only minor amounts of chymase activity from cutaneous mast cells (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Experimental dermatology 10 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0625
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Tryptase and chymase are the major serine proteinases of skin mast cells but their biologic significance depends on their activity. In this study, we demonstrate the release of soluble activity of tryptase, but not markedly that of chymase, into skin blister fluids induced by freezing with liquid nitrogen as well as into supernatant during incubation of 8 whole skin specimens with compound 48/80 for up to 2 days followed by sonication. Incubation of 3 other skin specimens in compound 48/80 for up to 2 days revealed that the number of mast cells displaying tryptase activity decreased significantly on day 2, and the number of mast cells showing chymase activity (but not those showing chymase immunoreactivity) decreased significantly on day 1 but not thereafter on day 2. The results of 3 skin organ cultures for up to 14 days showed steady decrease in the number of tryptase-positive cells but persistence of mast cells containing chymase activity. Chymase in solution was sensitively inhibited by 0.01 mg/ml α1-antichymotrypsin but higher concentrations (0.3–3.0 mg/ml) were needed for inhibiting chymase on skin sections. In conclusion, after mast cell degranulation tryptase activity is substantially solubilized and it may potentially affect both local and distant skin structures. Instead, chymase is partially inactivated and the remaining chymase activity persists at the site of degranulation having only local effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0625.2001.100404.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patch test reactions to cosmetic allergens in 1995–1997 and 2000–2002 in Finland – a multicentre study (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Contact dermatitis 53 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Contact sensitivity to cosmetics is common, but the sensitizing chemicals vary between countries and study periods. The present survey aimed at revealing the recent trends in patch test sensitivity with cosmetic chemicals in Finland. We report a retrospective multicentre survey of patch test reactions focusing on cosmetic-related substances and comparing the test results in 1995–97 with those in 2000–02. The most striking increases in the frequency of the patch test sensitivity were found with balsam of Peru and propolis from 4.0% to 6.2% (P 〈 0.001) and from 0.5% to 1.4% (P 〈 0.001), respectively, whereas the most prominent decreases were found with methylchloro/methylisothiazolinone and chlorhexidine diglugonate from 2.4% to 1.3% (P 〈 0.001) and from 1.2% to 0.5% (P 〈 0.001), respectively. The level of patch test sensitivity to methyldibromo glutaronitrile increased, although not significantly, from 1.0% to 1.5%. An increasing tendency was also found with hair dye chemicals 4-aminophenol and toluene-2,5-diamine or toluene-2,5-diamine sulfate from 1.3% to 3.8% and from 1.4% to 5.2%, respectively, while such a tendency was not found among permanent wave chemicals. The sensitivity level of fragrance mix remained the same (6% − 7%). We conclude that surveys revealing the state of sensitivity to cosmetic chemicals should be performed periodically in different countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00630.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pectin and cashew nut allergy: cross-reacting allergens? (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 53 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03946.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alterations in mast cells showing tryptase and chymase activity in epithelializating and chronic wounds (2000)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Experimental dermatology 9 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0625
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Mast cells can be found in contact with epidermis in certain circumstances; especially in chronic inflammatory skin diseases and chronic ulcers, but the significance of this association is obscure. In this study, the association of mast cells with wound healing was studied by counting mast cells in the wound edges at different stages after wounding the donor site skin for pinch-grafting. Chronic venous leg ulcers were biopsed for comparison. Tryptase- and chymase-positive mast cells were stained enzyme-histochemically for active proteinases. Both the number of tryptase-positive, i.e. total mast cells, and chymase-positive mast cells decreased during wound healing, but only the change in chymase-positive mast cells was statistically significant (P≤0.03) the maximal decrease being 63% on day 7. No mast cells could be found in the vicinity of epithelialization margin. In venous leg ulcers, significantly more mast cells were present in the perilesional skin near the epithelium margin than in the wound bed (P=0.03), and mast cells were also seen in close contact with the basement membrane. Immunoreactivity for IL-4 and TNF-α in mast cells was studied to see if either of these molecules was associated with wound healing. In normally healing wounds, only a minority of mast cells were immunoreactive for these cytokines and no change in positive mast cell numbers could be seen during wound healing. In chronic wounds, IL-4 was absent in mast cells, and TNF-α positive mast cells were present only in perilesional skin and in small numbers. These results show that mast cells; especially chymase-positive; decrease in number and can not be found in the epithelialization zone in normal wound healing, whereas tryptase-positive mast cells are associated with delayed wound healing and epithelialization in chronic wounds. Thus it seems, that mast cells attempt to control hyperproliferation of epidermis in chronic wounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0625.2000.009004258.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzyme- and immunohistochemical localization of mast cell tryptase in psoriatic skin (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 281 (1989), S. 387-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Psoriasis ; Epidermis ; Mast cells ; Tryptase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of mast cell tryptase in involved and noninvolved skin sections from 12 psoriatic patients was investigated using both enzyme- and immunohistochemical staining techniques. Each involved skin section contained an increased number of tryptase-positive mast cells in the superficial dermis as compared with corresponding noninvolved skin sections. The substrate-hydrolyzing and inhibition properties for tryptase activity in involved and noninvolved psoriatic skin sections were identical with each other as well as with those previously described in normal human skin or mastocytoma skin sections. In four patients, epidermal enzyme activity was observed, but only in the involved skin. None of the uninvolved sections showed tryptase activity in the epidermis. This activity was not inhibited by α-antitrypsin, and after removing the enzyme-histochemical stain with Tween 20, positive results obtained with tryptase-specific antibody were found in the same locations. In addition, tryptase-positive cells were detected in close contact to lesional epidermis, but without epidermal staining in four patients. In the epidermis, the positive staining was granular, and active tryptase was detected as far as the stratum corneum. This study is the first description of the presence of active mast cell tryptase in psoriatic epidermis, where this enzyme may have a role in increased cell division.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00455322
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