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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A novel reaction time task for investigating force and time parameters of locomotor initiation in rats (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 1084-1088 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Locomotor initiation ; reaction time ; movement time ; force ; basal ganglia ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A novel simple reaction-time task for rats is described in the present study. Food-deprived rats were trained in a modified runway for rapid locomotor initiation, in response to a combined optical/acoustic stimulus, to receive a food reward. Rats rapidly learned this task with small variability, and movement patterns of locomotor initiation are congruent under these conditions. Reaction time, movement time and accelerative forces were recorded from each initiation of locomotion by means of video equipment and a force platform. The quantification modes yielded consistent results and a quantitative description of measured force and time parameters is given. The task may be especially appropriate for investigating basal ganglia functions. The present results will be the basis for investigating initiation of locomotion in animal models of neurological diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01940682
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anticataleptic potencies of glutamate-antagonists (1991)
    Springer
    Amino acids 1 (1991), S. 225-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Catalepsy ; Movement initiation ; NMDA antagonists ; Glycine ; Parkinson's disease ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anticataleptic effects of non-competitive and competitive NMDA antagonists as well as those of an agonist at the allosteric glycine binding site of the NMDA receptor were tested in the catalepsy model. Some of these drugs were further tested in a reaction time task demanding rapid locomotor initiation. The results show that the non-competitive NMDA antagonists dizocilpine and memantine as well as the competitive antagonists CGP 39551, CGP 37849 and CPPene antagonized dopamine D2 receptor mediated catalepsy induced by haloperidol. D-cycloserine, a partial glycine agonist per se had no effects, but it enhanced the anticataleptic effects of dizocilpine when coadministered. However, the effects of CGP 37849 were abolished. Dopamine D1 receptor mediated catalepsy induced by SCH 23390 was antagonized by dizocilpine, memantine, CPPene, but not by CGP 37849. In the reaction time task dizocilpine, memantine and CGP 37849 were tested for their anti-akinetic and anti-bradykinetic potencies. All these compounds improved haloperidolinduced slowing of reaction time. However, they acted differentially on haloperidol-induced slowing of movement execution and decreased initial acceleration. Thus, antagonists at the NMDA receptor may have a therapeutic potential in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Their potency can be manipulated specifically at the glycine binding site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00806920
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of intrastriatal blockade of glutamatergic transmission on the acquisition of T-maze and radial maze tasks (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 78 (1989), S. 29-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Learning and memory ; interference ; striatum ; glutamate ; NMDA receptor ; AP-5 ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prefrontal cortex and neostriatum constituting the prefrontal system are connected by glutamatergic neurones. The involvement of this corticostriatal projection in control of maze performance of rats was investigated. Glutamatergic transmission mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors was blocked by intrastriatal injections of dl-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP-5) (50 nmole in 0.5 Μl). In experiment 1, intrastriatal AP-5 was found to increase the number of errors during acquisition of a delayed alternation task in a T-maze. In experiment 2, the effect of intrastriatal AP-5 on acquisition of different 8 arm maze tasks was investigated. AP-5 did not affect the number of reentries on spontaneous and reinforced alternation; pre- and postdelay errors on delayed alternation were not altered. Therefore, intrastriatal NMDA receptor blockade impairs acquisition of a delayed alternation in a T-maze, while intrastriatal blockade of NMDA receptors does not affect acquisition of different 8 arm maze tasks. The impairment in the T-maze task appears not to be due to deficient acquisition of spatial information per se, since 8 arm maze performance is intact. Instead, repeated delays in the T-maze task seem to be the critical component that gives difficulties in acquisition. These difficulties in bridging successive temporal discontiguities were attributed to an increased susceptibility to external and internal interfering stimuli during delays. Thus, striatal NMDA receptors within the prefrontal system may be involved in correct response retention over the duration of delays.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01247111
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioural and neurochemical interactions of the AMPA antagonist GYKI 52466 and the non-competitive NMDA antagonist dizocilpine in rats (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 101 (1995), S. 115-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: GYKI 52466 ; dizocilpine ; locomotion ; dopamine ; serotonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The behavioural and neurochemical effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist dizocilpine and the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) antagonist GYKI 52466, given alone or in combination, were investigated in rats. Locomotor activity was increased by dizocilpine (0.2 mg/kg), but not by GYKI 52466 (2.4 mg/kg). Dizocilpine-induced hyperlocomotion was reduced by co-administration of GYKI 52466. In dizocilpine-treated rats dopamine (DA) metabolism (measured as DOPAC [dihydroxyphenylacetic acid] or DOPAC/DA in post mortem brain tissue) was increased in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. In GYKI 52466-treated rats serotonin was reduced in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens while DA metabolism was not affected. In rats treated with dizocilpine plus GYKI 52466, DA metabolism was increased only in the prefrontal cortex, but not in the nucleus accumbens, when compared with vehicle-treated animals. These data confirm that AMPA and NMDA antagonists do not have synergistic effects on locomotor activity. A differential role of NMDA and AMPA antagonists in the control of mesolimbic DA neurons will be discussed here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01271550
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    6-Hydroxydopamine lesion of the rat prefrontal cortex impairs motor initiation but not motor execution (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 99 (1994), S. 524-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Prefrontal cortex ; 6-Hydroxydopamine ; Dopamine ; Noradrenaline ; Reaction and movement times ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined the effects of bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) in rats on motor initiation and execution in a simple reaction time task. Reaction times (RT) and movement times (MT) were measured in trained rats on four preand postoperative days. Animals with 6-OHDA lesions were selectively impaired on motor initiation as measured by a significant increase in RT on each postoperative day. Motor execution was intact postoperatively, since MT was not altered. Neurochemical analysis revealed a significant depletion of prefrontal dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) in lesioned animals. It was concluded that DA and, to a lesser extent, NA in the rat PFC were involved in monitoring RT performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228988
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The adenosine receptor antagonist theophylline induces a monoamine-dependent increase of the anticataleptic effects of NMDA receptor antagonists (1996)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 354 (1996), S. 179-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Adenosine ; Dopamine N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) ; Basal ganglia ; Catalepsy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous work revealed that adenosine antagonists as theophylline reversed neuroleptic-induced catalepsy and potentiated anticataleptic effects of dopamine agonists reflecting specific adenosine-dopamine receptor interactions in the central nervous system. We tested whether similar functional interactions exist between adenosine receptors and glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-asparte (NMDA) subtype. The present study demonstrates that the anticataleptic effects of the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist CGP37849 and the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine can be potentiated by coadministration of a threshold dose of the adenosine receptor antagonist theophylline (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) in haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.)-pretreated rats. This potentiation was elicited only with higher doses of CGP37849 (4 and 8 mg/kg, i.p.) or dizocilpine (0.16 mg/kg, i.p.) in haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), but not in reserpine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) plus α-methyl-ptyrosine (100 mg/kg, i.p.)-pretreated animals. Therefore, these synergistic interactions seem to be brought about by indirect monoamine-dependent mechanisms rather than direct functional interrelationships between NMDA and adenosine A2a receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178718
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The adenosine receptor antagonist theophylline induces a monoamine-dependent increase of the anticataleptic effects of NMDA receptor antagonists (1996)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 354 (1996), S. 179-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Key words Adenosine ; Dopamine ; N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) ; Basal ganglia ; Catalepsy ; Rat.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Previous work revealed that adenosine antagonists as theophylline reversed neuroleptic-induced catalepsy and potentiated anticataleptic effects of dopamine agonists reflecting specific adenosine-dopamine receptor interactions in the central nervous system. We tested whether similar functional interactions exist between adenosine receptors and glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-asparte (NMDA) subtype. The present study demonstrates that the anticataleptic effects of the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist CGP37849 and the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine can be potentiated by coadministration of a threshold dose of the adenosine receptor antagonist theophylline (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) in haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.)-pretreated rats. This potentiation was elicited only with higher doses of CGP37849 (4 and 8 mg/kg, i.p.) or dizocilpine (0.16 mg/kg, i.p.) in haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), but not in reserpine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) plus α-methyl-p-tyrosine (100 mg/kg, i.p.)-pretreated animals. Therefore, these synergistic interactions seem to be brought about by indirect monoamine-dependent mechanisms rather than direct functional interrelationships between NMDA and adenosine A2a receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178718
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discrete quinolinic acid lesions of the lateral but not of the medial caudate-putamen reversed haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 94 (1993), S. 103-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Catalepsy ; spontaneous locomotor activity ; quinolinic acid ; haloperidol ; lateral caudate-putamen ; medial caudate-putamen ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Discrete lesions in the medial or lateral subregion of the rostral caudate-putamen (CP) were induced by bilateral intracerebral injections of a low dose of quinolinic acid (30 nmol in 1 μl/per side) in rats. Quinolinic acid lesions in the lateral CP potently reversed haloperidol-induced catalepsy (0.5 mg/ kg,i.p.), while lesions in the medial CP were not effective. Spontaneous locomotor activity was not altered significantly after quinolinic acid lesions of either the medial or lateral CP. These results show that the lateral CP seems to be important for the expression of neuroleptic-induced catalepsy and thus further corroborate the concept of a functional heterogenity of the striatum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245004
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clozapine improves dizocilpine-induced delayed alternation impairment in rats (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 94 (1993), S. 223-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Clozapine ; dizocilpine ; glutamate ; NMDA receptors ; delayed alternation ; locomotion ; schizophrenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of systemic administration of dizocilpine (0.16mg/kg, i.p.), clozapine (7.5mg/kg, s.c.) and coadministration of dizocilpine (0.16mg/ kg, i.p.) and clozapine (7.5mg/kg, s.c.) on acquisition of delayed alternation in a T-maze were tested in rats (N=7 per group) on six days with 10 choices per day and animal. Clozapine given alone did not impair delayed alternation learnint, except of the first day. Dizocilpine induced a significant delayed alternation impairment on all days tested. Pretreatment with clozapine significantly improved the dizocilpine-induced impairment. Treatment-induced changes of delayed alternation learning and of locomotor activities showed no correlation. The results demonstrate that clozapine functionally compensated for deficits induced by a blockade of the N-methyl-D-asparatate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01277027
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