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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 26 (1984), S. 375-378 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Adenylate cyclase ; cytosol ; pancreatic islets ; mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of cytosolic components in the regulation of mouse pancreatic islet adenylate cyclase activity was studied. Addition of mouse islet cytosol (27000 g supernatant of mouse islet sonicate), devoid of adenylate cyclase activity itself, increased adenylate cyclase activity by 93±17% (n = 9) in the 27000 g total particulate fraction of mouse islets. Addition of GTP stimulated adenylate cyclase activity by 91±11% (n = 13) or to the same degree as cytosol. Like GTP, the substance causing the enhancing activity of the cytosol was found to be dialysable, resistant to heat, sensitive to charcoal treatment and alkaline phosphatase and insensitive to digestion with trypsin. However, in contrast to the stimulation by GTP, the stimulation by cytosol was not inhibited by guanosine 5′-0-(2-thiodiphosphate), and furthermore, the effects of cytosol and GTP were additive. Neither NAD nor phosphoenolpyruvate stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. The cytosolic factor did not confer sensitivity towards glucose, Ca2+ or Ca2+-calmodulin on adenylate cyclase. The results demonstrate that mouse pancreatic islets contain a phosphocompound (or several compounds) distinct from GTP and capable of markedly stimulating adenylate cyclase. The identity of the compound and its physiological significance remain to be established.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Pancreatic islets ; glucose metabolism ; diacylglycerol ; diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of interference with diacylglycerol metabolism was investigated in pancreatic mouse islets. In the presence of the diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor RHC 80267, glucose-induced insulin secretion was reduced 50–60%; whereas carbacholin-induced insulin secretion was unaffected. Addition of the diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor R 59022 did not change glucose-stimulated insulin secretion but abolished the inhibition seen in the presence of RHC 80267. RHC 80267 increased islet glucose utilisation, measured as formation of tritiated water from 5-[3H]-glucose, 3-fold but did not affect glucose oxidation to CO2, lactate production or islet ATP levels. Glucose utilisation in leucocytes and hepatocytes was not increased by addition of RHC 80267. Islet lipid production from glucose was augmented 4-fold in the presence of RHC 80267 but only accounted for about 5% of the increase in glucose utilisation. The activity of adenylate cyclase and phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C was unaffected by RHC 80267. Concentrations of RHC 80267 below 35 μmol/l did not alter the activity of phospholipase A2; whereas higher concentrations of the drug inhibited phospholipase A2 activity approx 25%. The data support the hypothesis that production of arachidonic acid from diacylglycerol may be involved in regulation of insulin secretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Islet metabolism ; insulin release ; hexose phosphate ; luciferase assay of pyridine nucleotides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The concentrations of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) and fructose 1–6-diphosphate plus triose-phosphates (FDP + TPs) were measured in isolated islets of Langerhans from mice and rats after a sudden increase in extracellular glucose concentration from 0.5 to 3.4 mg/ml. In mouse islets, the contents of G6P and (FDP + TPs) were both raised after a two minute incubation at the high glucose concentration and remained elevated for at least 30 min. In rat islets, the G6P but not the (FDP + TPs) content was increased after a 5 min exposure to high glucose. After a 30 min incubation, both G6P and (FDP + TPs) contents were higher than at low glucose concentration. The (G6P)/(FDP + TPs) ratio was some tenfold higher in mouse islets than in rat islets. Increasing extracellular glucose concentration was associated with an increase in the (G6P)/(FDP + TPs) ratio. The results are consistent with the increased glycolytic rate in response to a raised extracellular glucose concentration arising primarily from an increase in the rate of phosphorylation of glucose, and with the hypothesis that the insulin secretory response to glucose may be mediated by a metabolite of the sugar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Polymorphonuclear leucocytes ; glycogen transferase ; diabetes ; insulin action ; serum growth hormone ; glycogen transferase D phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. Dans les leucocytes normaux, la glyeogène-transférase n'a été trouvée que sous la forme-D glucose-6-phosphate-dépendante. On a observé une augmentation de l'activité dans les 30 min consécutives à l'absorption de glucose, et on a supposé qu'elle était provoquée par l'action de l'insuline libérée. Une augmentation secondaire ultérieure de l'activité s'est produite en même temps qu'une augmentation de l'hormone de croissance du sérum. — 2. Dans la plupart des leucocytes de diabétiques, la glycogène-transférase a été trouvée à la fois sous la forme-D et la forme-I (indépendante du glucose-6-phosphate). L'activité I+D était faible dans le diabète non-contrôle et augmentait en réponse à un traitement insulinique. L'activité-I était faible immédiatement après isolement des leucocytes, mais augmentait pendant l'incubation de l'enzyme, particulièrement en présence de Mg2+, indiquant que les leucocytes de diabétiques possèdent une activité transférase-D phosphatase contrairement aux cellules normales. La transformation de l'enzyme de D en I était fortement accrue par le traitement insulinique. — 3.K m pour l'UDPG et K a pour le glucose-6-phosphate ne variaient pas entre les leucocytes normaux et diabétiques. — 4. La transformation de D en I de l'enzyme incubé à partir des cellules de diabétiques s'est avérée dépendre de la concentration d'ATP et d'ADP dans le milieu d'incubation. On suggère que l'effet activant du Mg2+ sur la transformation de D en I est due à une activation d'une ATPase endogène et d'une adénylate kinase.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1. In normalen Leukozyten wurde die Glycogen-Transferase nur in der Glucose-6-Phosphatabhängigen Form D angetroffen. Ihre Aktivität steigt in den 30 min nach oraler Glucosezufuhr an, was auf die Insulinfreisetzung bezogen wird. Eine zweite spätere Aktivitätssteigerung erfolgte gleichzeitig mit dem Anstieg der Wachstumshormonspiegel im Serum. — 2. In den meisten diabetischen Leukozyten fand sich die Glykogen-Transferase in der D und der I Form (Glucose-6-Phosphat unabhängig). Die I+D Aktivität war bei entgleistem Diabetes niedrig und stieg nach Insulinbehandlung an. Unmittelbar nach der Isolierung der Leukozyten wurde nur eine geringe I Aktivität festgestellt, diese steigerte sich aber während der Inkubation des Enzyms, vor allem wenn diese in Gegenwart von Mg2+ erfolgte, was dafür spricht, daß diabetische Leukozyten im Gegensatz zu normalen Transferase-D Phosphatase Aktivität besitzen. Die Überführung der D in die I Form des Enzyms wurde durch Insulinbehandlung stark gefördert. — 3. Die K m für UDPG und K a für Glucose-6-Phosphat unterschieden sich bei normalen und diabetischen Leukozyten nicht. — 4. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die D zu I Umwandlung während der Inkubation des aus diabetischen Zellen gewonnenen Enzyms vom Gehalt des Mediums an ATP und ADP abhängt. Die Förderung der I zu D Umwandlung durch Mg2+ scheint auf der Aktivierung einer endogenen ATPase und einer Adenylat-Kinase zu beruhen.
    Notes: Summary 1. In normal leucocytes, glycogen-transferase was only found in the glucose-6-phosphate dependent D-form. An increase in activity was observed within 30 min after glucose feeding, and is assumed to be mediated through the action of released insulin. A late secondary increase in activity occurred simultaneously with an increase in serum growth hormone. — 2. In most diabetic leucocytes, glycogen-transferase was found in both the I- (independent of glucose-6-phosphate) and D-form. The I+D activity was low in uncontrolled diabetes and increased in response to insulin treatment. The I-activity was low immediately upon isolation of the leucocytes, but increased during incubation of the enzyme, especially in the presence of Mg2+; indicating that diabetic leucocytes possess transferase-D phosphatase activity in contrast to normal cells. The D to I transformation of the enzyme was greatly increased by insulin treatment. — 3. K m for UDPG and K a for glucose-6-phosphate did not vary between normal and diabetic leucocytes. — 4. The D to I interconversion of the incubated enzyme from diabetic cells was found to depend on the concentration of ATP and ADP in the incubation medium. It is suggested, that the activating effect of Mg2+ on the D to I transformation is due to an activation of an endogenous ATP-ase and adenylate kinase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 29 (1986), S. 888-892 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: casein kinase II ; calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ; cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase ; polyamines ; pancreatic islets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The occurrence of polyamine-stimulated protein kinase (casein kinase II) in cytosol of mouse pancreatic islets was investigated. Islet protein phosphorylation was enhanced by spermidine, spermine, lysine-rich histone and polylysine; the major endogenous substrates in the cytosol were three proteins of Mr 50000, 55000 and 100000. Cadaverine and putrescine were without effects. A Mr 100 000 protein is a major substrate for Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, and Mr 50 000 and 55 000 proteins are substrates for cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (AMP) dependent protein kinase in mouse islets. However, neither cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor nor trifluoperazine inhibited polyamine-enhanced protein phosphorylation. Both basal and polyamine-enhanced protein phosphorylation patterns were identical when either [γ-32P] adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) or [γ-32P] guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP) was used as phosphate donors, indicative of the presence of a polyaminestimulated casein kinase 11 in pancreatic islets. It is suggested that polyamines and polyamine-enhanced casein kinase II activity may have an important role in regulation of protein phosphorylation in pancreatic islets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Type 2, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; Insulin secretion ; Islet glucose metabolism ; Insulin biosynthesis ; Proinsulin mRNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Insulin secretion, insulin biosynthesis and islet glucose oxidation were studied in pancreatic islets isolated from fat-fed diabetic mice of both sexes. Insulin secretion from isolated islets was studied after consecutive stimulation with α-ketoisocaproic acid + glutamine, glucose, forskolin, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate. Glucose-induced insulin secretion was impaired in islets from fat-fed mice. This was associated with a reduction of approximately 50% in islet glucose oxidation. Islet insulin secretion stimulated by the non-carbohydrate secretagogues tended to be higher in the fat-fed mice, but a statistically significant effect was not observed. Pancreatic insulin content was reduced by 50%, whereas the islet insulin and DNA content was unchanged after fat feeding. Proinsulin mRNA was reduced by 35% in islets from fat-fed mice, and was associated with a reduction of approximately 50% in glucose-stimulated (pro)insulin biosynthesis. It is concluded that the insulin secretory response of islets isolated from fat-fed mice is similar to the secretory pattern known from human type 2, non-insulin-dependent diabetics, and that a defect in islet glucose recognition, resulting in decreased glucose oxidation, may be responsible for the observed insulin secretory and biosynthetic defects seen after glucose stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Type 2 diabetes ; Insulin resistance ; Postreceptor defects ; Animal model ; High fat diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Postreceptor insulin resistance was studied in liver, muscle and adipose tissue from NMRI mice of both sexes made diabetic by long-term fat-feeding. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests showed a combination of impaired glucose tolerance and increased plasma insulin concentrations consistent with insulin resistance and reduced peripheral and hepatic uptake of glucose. In the morning, the fat-fed mice were normoinsulinaemic and hyperglycaemic. Liver glucokinase activity and glycogen content were reduced whereas lactate dehydrogenase activity was enhanced. Fatty acid synthase activity was decreased but glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the rate limiting enzyme in fatty acid synthesis, acetyl CoA carboxylase, were both unaffected. In muscle, the proportion of glycogen synthase in the active I-form was decreased. Total glycogen synthase activity was not affected. In isolated adipocytes, basal and insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation, as well as basal and insulin-stimulated lipogenesis from glucose were all severely inhibited, oxidation more so than lipogenesis. It is concluded that insulin resistance and postreceptor metabolic disorders in liver, muscle and adipose tissue from mice made diabetic by long-term fat-feeding are very similar to those demonstrated in human type 2 diabetics and may be studied in more detail and with more ease in this particular animal model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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