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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 71 (2000), S. 3118-3122 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new two-step method to fabricate scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) probes with an aperture size clearly below 100 nm has been developed. For the first step, a chemical etching process is used in which an optical fiber is dipped with its acrylate jacket into hydrofluoric acid to get a suitable tapered shape of the fiber. The second step consists of beveling the etched fiber using a modified micropipette beveler to obtain a tip diameter in the nanometer range as well as a smooth surface to allow a good aluminum metallization by evaporation. By varying the beveling angle tapered shapes with different cone angles can be obtained. First transmission experiments with our probes show an optical resolution below 80 nm. In comparison to fiber tips obtained by a standard heating and pulling method, the transmission efficiency of these tips is up to three orders of magnitude higher due to the optimized tapered shape. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 4820-4824 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A multicolor scanning near-field optical microscope (color-SNOM) has been developed to provide real color images of nanoscopic samples for biological and spectroscopical purposes. The sample illumination consists either of a single or a combined beam of different laser wavelengths. A common SNOM setup has been modified in a way that three photomultipliers for blue, green, and red light detection and color separating dichroic filters have been implemented. With this beam splitter device, it is possible to acquire simultaneously with the topography three color optical images on three different channels. In order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, etched fiber tips with a high transmission intensity were used. Fluorescence experiments on latex beads labeled with two different dyes and transmission measurements on gold nanoparticles show a wavelength dependent optical contrast. The color-SNOM appears as a powerful tool for high resolution color spectroscopy. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 35 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Bronchial asthma is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and airway remodelling which occurs in both proximal and distal airways. These changes are associated with development of airway hyper-responsiveness and airflow limitation.Objective This study was aimed to analyse whether chronic inhalative allergen challenges in mice lead to morphological and physiological changes comparable with this phenotype.Methods For this purpose, BALB/c mice were systemically sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) followed by aerosol allergen challenges on 2 consecutive days per week for 12 weeks.Results In chronically challenged mice, tissue inflammation in proximal as well as distal airways was observed with a predominance of lymphocytes within the cellular infiltrate. In contrast, inflammation in the airway lumen decreased over time. These changes were associated by a shift in bronchoalveolar lavage–cytokine levels from IL-4, IL-5 and TNF-α production (during the acute phase) towards markedly increased levels of TGF-β during the chronic phase. Goblet cell hyperplasia and subepithelial fibrosis occurred throughout the airway tree. In terms of lung function, chronically challenged mice developed persistent bronchial hyper-responsiveness and progressive airflow limitation. Six weeks after OVA aerosol discontinuation, airway inflammation still persisted although lung function was normalized.Conclusion These data indicate that our model of chronic aerosol allergen challenges leads to a phenotype of experimental asthma with participation of distal airways and persistence of inflammation thereby resembling many morphological and physiological aspects of human bronchial asthma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Schizophrenie ; Genetik ; Schizophrenes Spektrum ; Kopplungsuntersuchungen ; Assoziationsuntersuchungen ; Key words Schizophrenia ; Genetics ; Schizophrenia spectrum ; Linkage studies ; Association studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Schizophrenia is a genetic complex disease as it does not follow monogenic transmission while non-familial environmental factors have a strong additional impact. A heterogenous, continuous phenotype is transmitted in families which can now be more precisely characterized. Genes coding for proteins with presumed pathophysiological relevance are apparently not playing a major causal role. However, in the last three years several (currently seven) candidate regions have been identified in a replicable manner by linkage studies. These regions are likely to host susceptibility genes for schizophrenia, but none of them has been identified up to now. Given these findings, polygenic transmission has now become very likely. The candidate regions are currently being narrowed down by various promising techniques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Schizophrenie gehört zu den genetisch komplexen Erkrankungen, die keinem monogenen Erbgang folgen und bei denen auch nichtfamiliäre Umgebungsfaktoren eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Dabei wird intrafamiliär ein heterogener, quantitativ variierender Phänotyp übertragen, der zunehmend genauer charakterisiert werden kann. Keines der bekannten Gene mit vermuteter pathophysiologischer Relevanz spielt nach den bisherigen Erkenntnissen eine substantielle Rolle. In den vergangenen drei Jahren ist es aber erstmals durch Kopplungsuntersuchungen gelungen, mehrere replizierbare Kandidatenregionen (derzeit sieben) auf dem Genom zu identifizieren, in denen vermutlich Suszeptibilitätsgene für Schizophrenie liegen. Keines dieser Gene wurde jedoch bislang identifiziert. Mit diesen Befunden ist eine polygene Übertragung der Schizophrenie sehr wahrscheinlich geworden. Verschiedene Techniken zur Eingrenzung der Kandidatenregionen werden derzeit erfolgreich angewandt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Psychiatrie ; Qualitätssicherung ; Qualitä,tsindikatoren ; Rückmeldesystem ; Key words Psychiatry ; Quality assurance ; Quality indicators ; Feedback system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Due to legal regulations, external quality assurance is mandatory in Germany. Supported by the German Health Ministry (BMG),we present the results of a multicenter study in four hospitals with different structures on 1042 inpatients with the trace diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD 10). We defined disease-specific indicators of structure, process, and outcome quality, developed an assessment instrument, and implemented a feedback system for quality comparison. The resulting quality profiles are useful as a starting point for internal quality management.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem vom BMG geförderten 2-jährigen Projekt wurde anhand von insgesamt 1042 Behandlungsfällen an 4 psychiatrischen Kliniken unterschiedlicher Struktur in Nordrhein-Westfalen die Voraussetzung für eine externe Qualitätssicherung mit Hilfe der Tracer-Diagnose Schizophrenie geschaffen und durchgeführt. Ziele waren die Evaluation eines Erhebungsinstrumentariums, die Entwicklung von Qualitätsindikatoren und der Aufbau eines Rückmeldesystems zur Optimierung des internen Qualitätsmanagements. Anhand der erhobenen Daten ist es auf wissenschaftlich-statistischer Basis gelungen, Qualitätsindikatoren und eine vergleichende Art der Rückmeldung zu entwickeln, die neben Ergebnisvariablen auch Struktur-, Patienten- und Prozessvariablen beinhaltet. Diese Qualitätsprofile bilden einen wesentlichen Ausgangspunkt für krankheitsspezifische Problemanalysen im Rahmen eines internen Qualitätsmanagements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1433-9285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: To date, only few data are available on how family burden in schizophrenia changes over time. In addition, no study has explored how such factors as coping styles and social support influence burden over time. This paper presents the 1-year follow-up data from the BIOMED I study on family burden and coping strategies in schizophrenia. Methods: A sample of 159 relatives of patients with schizophrenia living in five European countries was followed up prospectively for 1 year with regard to burden and coping strategies, using validated questionnaires. Results: In the sample as a whole, the burden was stable. A reduction of family burden over time was found among relatives who adopted less emotion-focused coping strategies and received more practical support from their social network. In addition, family burden decreased in relation to the improvement of patient's social functioning. Conclusions: When relatives of patients with schizophrenia are able to improve their coping strategies, it is possible for burden to be reduced even after several years. This points to the necessity to provide families of chronic psychotic patients with psychoeducational interventions emphasising the adoption of an effective coping style.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1433-9285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The burden, the coping strategies and the social network of a sample of 236 relatives of patients with schizophrenia, living in five European countries, were explored by well-validated assessment instruments. In all centres, relatives experienced higher levels of burden when they had poor coping resources and reduced social support. Relatives in Mediterranean centres, who reported lower levels of social support, were more resigned, and more often used spiritual help as a coping strategy. These data indicate that family burden and coping strategies can be influenced by cultural factors, and suggest that family interventions should have also a social focus, aiming to increase the family social network and to reduce stigma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1433-9285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The impact of social and clinical factors on the choice of coping strategies of a sample of 236 relatives of patients with schizophrenia, living in five European countries, was explored using well-validated questionnaires. The adoption of problem-focused coping strategies was more frequent among young relatives and among relatives of younger patients, and was associated with higher levels of practical and emotional social support and of professional help. In contrast, emotion-focused strategies were more frequently adopted by relatives who had been living longer with the patient and who had poorer social support. It is suggested that supportive and educational interventions should be provided as early as possible to relatives of patients with schizophrenia, which, in addition to having a practical focus, should also have a social focus, aiming at extending the family's social network.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Key words Pharmacogenetics ; Genetics ; Risk factor ; Choreoathetotic movements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the search for genetic factors contributing to tardive dyskinesia, dopamine receptor genes are considered major candidates. The dopamine D3 receptor is of primary interest as dopamine D3 receptor knock-out mice show locomotor hyperactivation resembling extrapyramidal side-effects of neuroleptic treatment. Furthermore, Steen and colleagues (1997) recently reported an association between tardive dyskinesia and a dopamine D3 receptor gene variant. In the present study we tried to replicate this finding. We investigated 157 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder receiving long-term neuroleptic medication who never or persistently displayed tardive dyskinesia. As advanced age is a main risk factor for tardive dyskinesia, we also compared older patients with a long duration of schizophrenia not displaying tardive dyskinesia to younger patients with a shorter duration of the illness displaying tardive dyskinesia. However, we found no evidence that the dopamine D3 receptor gene is likely to confer susceptibility to the development of tardive dyskinesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Prämorbides Funktionieren ; Schizophrenie ; Schizoaffektive Störung ; Prämorbide Anpassungsskala (PAS) ; Positiv- und Negativsyndromskala (PANSS) ; Key words Premorbid functioning ; Schizophrenia ; Schizoaffective disorder ; Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS) ; Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS) was developed by Cannon-Spoor et al. 1982 for research use and has gained importance internationally. This scale is designed to measure the extent of attaining developmental goals premorbidly. The German version is presented here, with first data on the reliability and validity of the scale. In a sample of schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients (n=86) and healthy parents of the patients (n=38), DSM-IV diagnosis was made and PAS and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) data were taken along with information on the course of the disorder. Using Cronbachs α, the estimated reliability for the scale and subscales lay between 0.809 and 0.931. High PAS scores, representing poor premorbid adjustment, correlated significantly with low age of onset, high PANSS scores, insidious onset, long hospitalisation, and serious course of the disorder. The threshold of PAS scores between healthy and sick probands was at 0.23. Patients with scores 〉 0.53 appeared to have an unfavourable course. With test results 〉 0.23, an odds ratio of 27.9 was ascertained (95% CI 9.39–M82.89). The findings presented correspond with those from previous reports in literature.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die von Cannon-Spoor et al. 1982 für Forschungszwecke entwickelte Prämorbide Anpassungsskala (PAS) hat international Bedeutung erlangt. Sie soll messen, bis zu welchem Grad soziale Entwicklungsziele prämorbide erreicht wurden. In dieser Arbeit wird mit ersten Daten zur Reliabilität und Validität die deutsche Version vorgelegt. Bei einer Stichprobe schizophrener und schizoaffektiver Patienten (n=86) und gesunden Eltern der Patienten (n=38) wurden neben der DSM-IV-Diagnose PAS- und PANSS-Daten sowie Angaben zum Krankheitsverlauf erhoben. Die Reliabilitätsschätzung mittels Cronbachs α lag auch für die Subskalen zwischen 0,809 und 0,931. Hohe PAS-Scores, die eine schlechte prämorbide Anpassung repräsentieren, korrelierten jeweils signifikant mit niedrigem Alter bei Krankheitsbeginn, hohen PANSS-Werten, schleichendem Krankheitsbeginn, langer Dauer der stationären Behandlung und schwerem Krankheitsverlauf. Der PAS-Schwellenwert lag zwischen gesunden und kranken Probanden bei 0,23, ein eher ungünstiger Krankheitsverlauf zeichnete sich bei PAS-Werten 〉 0,53 ab. Die Vorhersagewahrscheinlichkeit für die Schizophrenie lag bei PAS-Werten 〉 0,23 bei OR=27,9 (95% CI 9,39–82,89). Die vorgelegten Befunde stimmen mit der bisherigen Literatur überein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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