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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Schizophrenia: glutathione deficit in cerebrospinal fluid and prefrontal cortex in vivo (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 12 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Schizophrenia is a major psychiatric disease, which affects the centre of the personality, with severe problems of perception, cognition as well as affective and social behaviour. In cerebrospinal fluid of drug-free schizophrenic patients, a significant decrease in the level of total glutathione (GSH) by 27% (P 〈 0.05) was observed as compared to controls, in keeping with the reported reduced level of its metabolite γ-glutamylglutamine. With a new non-invasive proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy methodology, GSH level in medial prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients was found to be 52% (P = 0.0012) lower than in controls. GSH plays a fundamental role in protecting cells from damage by reactive oxygen species generated among others by the metabolism of dopamine. A deficit in GSH would lead to degenerative processes in the surrounding of dopaminergic terminals resulting in loss of connectivity. GSH also potentiates the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor response to glutamate, an effect presumably reduced by a GSH deficit, leading to a situation similar to the application of phencyclidine (PCP). Thus, a GSH hypothesis might integrate many established biological aspects of schizophrenia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00229.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Muskelkraft und Gangcharakteristika depressiver Menschen (1999)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 613-619 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Depression ; Psychomotorische Symptome ; Muskelkraft ; Gang ; Key words Major depression ; Psychomotor symptoms ; Muscle power ; Gait
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Background: Gait characteristic and muscle power are often described in the clinical literature but with little empirical support. We assessed some parameters of gait and muscle power using simple and standardized methods within a framework based principally on classic clinical observations of depression. Method: 20 depressed inpatients were examined with standard tests of isometric muscle power and gait parameters, which measure step length, average walking speed, maximal walking speed, and three-minute walk distance. The results were compared with those of 20 matched healthy controls. The examination procedure was repeated after a three week period of inpatient treatment and significant symptomatic improvement. Results: As predicted by our hypothesis depressed patients’ muscle power and gait characteristics differed clearly from normal controls. Significant improvements after 3 weeks of inpatient treatment were found above all in extension of the knee and extension of the elbow tests as well as in all measures of our gait analysis. However, all gait parameters still differed significantly from those of healthy controls. Conclusions: Using simple but reliable tests which were used for the first time in psychiatry we examined certain relationships between depression and motor function in a moderately to severely depressed inpatient sample.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Gangcharakteristika und verminderte Muskelkraft depressiver Personen wurden in der klinischen Literatur oft beschrieben, aber bisher kaum empirisch untersucht. Wir erfaßten verschiedene Gang- und Kraftparameter unter Verwendung einfacher und standardisierter Verfahren innerhalb eines theoretischen Rahmens, welcher im wesentlichen auf klassischen klinischen Beobachtungen der Depression beruht. Methode: 20 hospitalisierte, depressive Personen wurden mittels standardisierter isometrischer Krafttests und Ganganalysen, welche Schrittlänge, durchschnittliches Gehtempo, maximales Gehtempo und 3-min-Gehstrecke erfassen, untersucht und mit 20 gesunden Versuchspersonen verglichen. Der Untersuchungsgang wurde nach 3 Wochen stationärer Behandlung und signifikanter Besserung der Symptomatik wiederholt. Resultate: Die Annahme, daß sich isometrische Muskelkraft und Gangparameter von depressiven und gesunden Personen klar unterscheiden, wurde bestätigt. Signifikante Verbesserungen am Ende der dritten Therapiewoche ließen sich v.a. bei der Knie- und Ellbogenextension und zudem in allen untersuchten Gangparametern nachweisen. Sämtliche Resultate der Ganganalyse depressiver Patienten unterschieden sich allerdings noch signifikant von denen gesunder Probanden. Schlußfolgerung: Unter Verwendung eines einfachen, jedoch reliablen Untersuchungsverfahrens untersuchten wir spezifische Beziehungen zwischen Depression und motorischen Funktionen in einer Gruppe mittel- bis schwergradig depressiver Versuchspersonen. Die erstmals für psychiatrische Fragestellungen im Rahmen der vorliegenden Pilotstudie angewandten Verfahren eignen sich zur reliablen und wenig belastenden Untersuchung von Beziehungen zwischen Depression und Motorik und können somit in breiter angelegten Studien verwendet werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050486
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prinzipien einer naturwissenschaftlich begründeten Ethik im Werk Eugen Bleulers (2000)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 71 (2000), S. 751-757 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Eugen Bleuler ; Ethik ; Euthanasie ; Moral insanity ; Keywords Eugen Bleuler ; Ethic ; Euthanasia ; Moral insanity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The name Eugen Bleuler is almost exclusively linked with matters concerning the nosology of schizophrenia, general psychopathology, and the relationship of clinical psychiatry with psychoanalysis. His bibliography lists various works dealing with contemporary themes about legislation, the fight against alcoholism, and, for the most part from later years, with themes about general psychology. In this article, material from Bleuler's texts are reviewed, including some which have been inaccessible up to now, which either allow interpretative conclusions on ethical grounds or have this explicitly as a topic. In particular, the analysis focuses on Bleuler's work “The Scientific Fundamentals of Ethics”, published in 1939. Written in a time widely viewed as disorientated, the author coherently and systemically comments on the issue of a ‘new’ ethic. The antireligious and antiphilosophical positions already demonstrable in some of his earlier works will be shown. According to his conception of a scientifically based ethic, the idea of social suitability is of utmost importance and also recognisable in the animal world as a general principle of nature. Bleuler perceives the ethical ‘instinct’ as inherent; its absence characterises the image of an ‘moral idiot’, which was already a theme in his earlier works. His statements about matters concerning euthanasia are presented and, furthermore, it will be attempted to construct from his texts an underlying global view. Concerning these ethical issues, it also can be shown once more that the elderly Bleuler was hardly influenced by psychoanalytical perspectives.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Name Eugen Bleulers wird fast ausschließlich in Zusammenhang mit Fragen der Schizophrenielehre, der allgemeinen Psychopathologie und der Beziehung von klinischer Psychiatrie und Psychoanalyse gebracht. Das Schriftenverzeichnis Bleulers weist jedoch auch verschiedene Arbeiten auf, die sich vor allem mit weltanschaulichen Fragen beschäftigen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Inhalte teilweise bisher unzugänglicher Bleuler-Texte vorgestellt, die entweder interpretative Rückschlüsse auf ethische Grundpositionen erlauben oder diese ausdrücklich zum Thema haben. Insbesondere konzentriert sich die Textanalyse auf die 1936 erschienene Arbeit Bleulers über “Die naturwissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der Ethik”. Der Vorstellung von sozialer Zweckhaftigkeit der Ethik, die als allgemeines Naturprinzip gleichermaßen in der Tierwelt erkennbar sei, kommt hier eine große Bedeutung zu. Den ethischen “Instinkt” sieht Bleuler als angeboren; sein Fehlen charakterisiert die “moralische Idiotie”. Es werden Aussagen Bleulers zu Fragen der Euthanasie vorgestellt; weiterhin wird versucht, auf das Weltbild des Verfassers zu schliessen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050660
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of marketability reinforcement between the Japanese and German machine tool industries (1997)
    Springer
    The international journal of advanced manufacturing technology 13 (1997), S. 513-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-3015
    Keywords: Culture of manufacturing ; Design specification ; Hierarchical comparative methodology ; International comparison ; Machine tools ; Marketability reinforcement ; Production morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a comparison of marketability reinforcement approaches in both the Japanese and German machine tool industries. The study has been conducted using questionnaire and interview investigations, and in contrast to traditional comparative studies performed from the statistics aspect, stress is placed on the culture of the manufacturing point of view. The paper reveals the differing attitudes to the determination of design specifications intended to enhance marketability, and also to the choice of the reinforcement remedies based on the production morphology in both countries. Of these, the most marked finding is that international comparison should be carried out using a hierarchical methodology to guarantee authentic and reliable analyses, because a mono-layered interpretation is liable to provide only surface knowledge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01624612
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Selbstdarstellung von Alkohol- und Drogen-Konsumenten in persönlicher und sozialer Hinsicht (1976)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 221 (1976), S. 345-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Drug Use ; Alcohol Use ; Psychosomatic Disturbances ; Attitude ; Conflict ; Drogenkonsum ; Alkoholkonsum von Jugendlichen ; Psychosomatische Störungen ; Persönlichkeitsaspekte ; Konflikte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer repräsentativen Umfrage unter 4' 082 gesunden 20-jährigen Schweizermännern gaben 89% Erfahrungen mit Alkohol und/oder 23% Erfahrungen mit Drogen an. Je nach der Konsumgröße von Alkohol und Drogen finden sich signifikante Unterschiede in der Selbstdarstellung der Befragten. Die starken Alkohol- und Drogenkonsumenten stellen sich als Jugendliche mit gehäuften persönlichen Schwierigkeiten und “psychosomatischen” Störungen dar, die in wenig traditionsverbundener Haltung von ihrer Ursprungsfamilie getrennt leben und einem eher passiv-konsumierenden Lebensstil zuneigen.
    Notes: Summary In a representative inquiry we found significant differences in the self-assessment of 4082 20-year-old Swiss men, as to whether their consumption of alcohol and drugs is high, low, or zero. The heavy users of alcohol and drugs describe themselves as men with frequent personal difficulties and psychosomatic disturbances. They tend to separate earlier from their family and prefer a less conventional, more consume-orientated, and passive way of life than the remainder.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00365611
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forensische Begutachtung pädophiler Sexualdelikte – Zu inhaltlichen Verschiedenheiten psychiatrischer Diagnosenmanuale (1998)
    Springer
    Rechtsmedizin 8 (1998), S. 190-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-5196
    Keywords: Key words Pedophilia ; ICD-10 ; DSM-IV ; Sexual abuse ; Schlüsselwörter Paraphilien ; Pädophilie ; DSM-IV ; ICD-10 ; Sexueller Missbrauch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Kasuistik eines inzwischen 16-jährigen Jungen vorgestellt, der über Jahre durch den sexuellen Missbrauch von Kindern beiderlei Geschlechts auffällig geworden ist. Die sexuelle Präferenz für Kinder vor allem des eigenen Geschlechts besteht weiter. Von diesem Fallbeispiel ausgehend werden Unterschiede der psychiatrischen Diagnosenmanuale hinsichtlich Täteralter, kritischer Diskrepanz von Opfer- und Täteralter, Dauer und Häufigkeit von Missbrauchshandlungen und insbesondere das DSM-IV-Kriterium des durch die Störung (Pädophilie) verursachten Leidensdruckes oder Beeinträchtigung in sozialen und anderen Bereichen thematisiert. Kritisch wird insbesondere das DSM-IV-Diagnosekriterium B diskutiert, dass durch die zu diagnostizierende Störung (Pädophilie) ein psychischer Leidensdruck oder soziale Beeinträchtigungen verursacht werden müsse.
    Notes: Abstract Pedophilia is the most frequent form of paraphilia seen in the forensic psychiatric examination of sexual delinquency. A diagnosis is based on different criteria such as age of the (pedophilic) delinquent, the duration of the deviant sexual symptomatology and the age difference between child and the child abuser. Differences between ICD-10 and the more circumscribed DSM-III-R and IV criteria are shown. Special attention is given to the DSM-IV-B criterium whereby the pedophilic imaginations, impulses or actions of a person should cause psychic complaints or deficits in social functioning. Diagnostic problems caused by the use of this criterium in forensic psychiatric examinations are discussed by reference to the presented case of a 16-year-old person with multiple sexual abuse of male and female children and a history of sexual self-abuse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001940050057
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Opposite effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on sensorimotor gating in rats versus healthy humans (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 143 (1999), S. 365-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words MDMA (3 ; 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) ; Serotonin ; Psychopathology ; Human ; Rat ; Prepulse inhibition ; Habituation ; Schizophrenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rationale: Prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle refers to the reduction in the startle response when the startling stimulus is preceded by a weak prepulse stimulus. This phenomenon provides an operational measure of sensorimotor gating that has been found to be reduced in patients with schizophrenia and rats treated with serotonin agonists or serotonin releasers. Objective: In this study, we compared the effects of a serotonin releaser, MDMA, on prepulse inhibition in laboratory rats and healthy human volunteers. In particular, we investigated whether MDMA disrupts PPI in humans as observed in animal studies. Methods: Rats were tested after placebo and MDMA in a counterbalanced order at an interval of 1 week, with separate groups of rats being used for each dose of MDMA (1.7, 5.4 and 17.0 mg/kg). On each test day, rats were first tested after no injections and retested 2 h later, 10 min after a subcutaneous injection of placebo or MDMA. For the human study, a placebo-controlled within-subject design and double-blind procedures were used. Subjects were examined twice at a 2 to 4 week interval after either placebo or drug administration (order being counterbalanced). On each test day, subjects underwent baseline testing including psychological and PPI measures. Ninety minutes later, subjects received placebo or MDMA (1.7 mg/kg PO) and were retested after 75 min during the peak of behavioral effects of MDMA. Results: As expected, MDMA decreased prepulse inhibition in a dose-related fashion in rats. In contrast, a typical recreational dose of MDMA (1.7 mg/kg, orally) increased prepulse inhibition in subjects experiencing robust psychological effects. Conclusions: This surprising disparity between the effects of the drug in rats and humans may reflect a species-specific difference in the mechanism of action of MDMA or in the behavioral expression of a similar pharmacological effect, or both.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050960
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The spouses of depressive and schizophrenic patients (1982)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 232 (1982), S. 167-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Marriage ; Attitude ; Family relationship ; Depressive disorder ; Schizophrenia ; Ehe ; Einstellung ; Familienbeziehung ; Depression ; Schizophrenie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden 103 Ehepartner von repräsentativ ausgewählten, hospitalisierten Patienten, die entweder an einem depressiven oder schizophrenen Syndrom litten, bezüglich ihrer Persönlichkeit und Befindlichkeit untersucht. Als Untersuchungsinstrumente dienten neben einem semistrukturierten Interview der Giessen-Test (Beckmann und Richter 1972, 1979) und die Eigenschaftswörterliste (Janke und Debus 1978). Was die Persönlichkeit betrifft, ergibt der Vergleich zwischen der Selbsteinschätzung der Ehepartner und der Fremdbeurteilung der Ehepartner durch die Patienten eine gute gegenseitige Übereinstimmung. Die Ehepartner schizophrener und depressiver Patienten unterscheiden sich weder in den mittleren Profilen noch nach den Gruppierungen der Cluster-Analyse voneinander. Zudem unterscheiden sich beide untersuchten Kollektive nur in geringem Ausmaß von einer repräsentativen Stichprobe der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Während die persönliche Einstellung und darüber hinaus die Befindlichkeit der Ehepartner weitgehend unabhängig von der depressiven resp. schizophrenen Erkrankungsart der Patienten sind, korrelieren Persönlichkeit und Befindlichkeit der Ehepartner eng mit dem Krankheitsverlauf der Patienten. Die Ehepartner depressiver und schizophrener Patienten sehen sich umso unattraktiver, kontrollierter und verschlossener und umso weniger empfindlich und erregt, je mehr Krankheitsphasen sie bisher miterlebt haben. Diese Befunde werden im Lichte weiterer Forschungsergebnisse diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The personality structures and the well-being of the partners of a representative sample of 103 married depressive or schizophrenic hospitalised patients were examined. As a means of examination we used a semi-structured interview, the Giessen-test (Beckmann and Richter 1972, 1979) and the Eigenschaftswörterliste (Janke and Debus 1978). Concerning personality, the comparison of self-image of the partners with the patient's estimation of his or her spouse resulted in good mutual agreement. The spouses of schizophrenic and depressive patients differed neither as far as the average profiles were concerned nor according to the cluster-analysis findings. In addition to this, both groups differed only to a minor extent from a representative sample of the general population. Whereas personal attitude and the well-being of the marital partners were for the most part independent of the depressive or schizophrenic kind of illness, personality and well-being of the spouses correlated with the course of the illness. The more phases of illness the spouses had witnessed, the more unattractive, self-controlled and uncommunicative they proved to be and the less irritated and sensitive they were when the patient was hospitalised. These findings are discussed in the light of further research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343697
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Der Gebrauch von Cannabis unter Jugendlichen Zürichs (1970)
    Springer
    Sozial- und Präventivmedizin 15 (1970), S. 331-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-911X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund von 64 polizeilichen und 13 psychiatrischen Fällen und mittels einer anonymen Umfrage unter 80 Cannabisrauchern sind Ausmaß und sozialer Kontext des Gebrauchs von Cannabis (in Zürich) untersucht worden. Im Gesamtbild dieser drei analysierten Kollektive, deren Zusammensetzung nach soziologischen Gesichtspunkten auffallend divergiert, zeigt sich eine weite Streuung des Cannabiskonsums hinsichtlich Herkunft, Schulbildung und Wohnquartier bei einer konstanten Altersverteilung (14- bis 30jährige). Ausgeprägte Drogenabhängigkeit geht charakteristischerweise mit dem Übergang zu stärkeren Pharmaka (Amphetamine, Opiate) einher und findet sich statistisch in engem Zusammenhang mit frühen sozialen und familiären Konflikten oder prämorbiden Persönlichkeitszügen. Der Gebrauch von Cannabis wird hauptsächlich in Beziehung zu psychologischen, kulturellen und sozialen Aspekten gebracht, unter anderem mit Hilfe des umfragemäßig ermittelten Drogenverständnisses der Cannabisraucher, ihrer Motivation zum Drogengebrauch und ihrer Interessensphären.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02038310
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Krankheitsverhalten bei Patienten mit Weichteilrheumatismus (1977)
    Springer
    Sozial- und Präventivmedizin 22 (1977), S. 184-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-911X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The illness behavior of 119 patients with rheumatic disorders (predominantly nonarticular rheumatism) has been studied. The behavior differed in relation to the rheumatological diagnosis, the personality and the previous stress situations.
    Notes: Resume Le comportement de 119 patients avec des affections rhumatismales (par la pluspart rhumatisme non-articulaire) a été investigué. Des différences ont été trouvées par rapport au diagnostic rhumatologique, à la personnalité et aux situations de stress précédantes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02078750
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