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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Hypothalamic Mechanism causing Seminal Ejaculation (1963)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 198 (1963), S. 219-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The work reported here began with the discovery of seminal plugs on the floor of a cage used in a 'self-stimulation' experiment in which rats operated a lever to deliver a rewarding shock to their own brains. Further observation using a mirror tilted under the cage revealed that two rats, with ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/198219b0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hunger Reduction produced by Injecting Glucose into the Lateral Ventricle of the Rat (1960)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 187 (1960), S. 245-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The technique of intraventricular injection employed in the present experiment is a modification of that developed by Feldberg and Sherwood2 for use on cats, and details will be published elsewhere. In brief, a stainless steel cannula is stereotaxically implanted and permanently fixed in the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/187245b0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dissociating Reward from Response in Electrical Self-Stimulation in the Rat (1962)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 195 (1962), S. 628-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] To test this suggestion, 6 rats with hypothalamic electrodes, previously trained on the self-stimulation procedure, were allowed to respond with a 0-5-sec. 50-c/s electrical shock to the brain following each depression of the pedal at a voltage previously established as optimal for each rat ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/195628a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epileptiform Seizures induced by Hypothalamic Stimulation in the Rat : Resistance to Fits following Fits (1966)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 209 (1966), S. 515-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] There are a number of possible causes for this progressive reduction in seizure activity during self-stimulation. A procedural consideration is that stimulus intensities were administered in descending order of magnitude in successive bouts. Also, since fits may be punishing2, self-stimulating ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/209515a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Presynaptic modulation of dopamine-induced locomotor activity by oxotremorine in nucleus accumbens of the rat (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 54 (1982), S. 137-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Nucleus accumbens ; dopamine-induced locomotor activity ; oxotremorine ; presynaptic receptors ; 6-hydroxydopamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Behavioural studies were carried out to determine whether central cholinergic mechanisms regulate dopaminergic activity by presynaptic mechanisms as suggested by recentin vitro studies. Bilateral injections of a muscarinic receptor agonist, oxotremorine (4μg), into the nucleus accumbens were found to enhance dopamine-induced locomotor activity. In rats deprived of presynaptic terminals by pretreatment with intraaccumbens injections of 6-hydroxydopamine, oxotremorine did not enhance dopamine-induced locomotor activity but on the contrary produced a marked reduction of locomotor activity. Although dopamine induced locomotor activity could occur in 6-hydroxydopamine treated animals, the muscarinic regulation was dependent on the presence of the intact dopamine terminal and hence a presynaptic receptor may be involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01254923
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect on hypothalamic self-stimulation of the novelβ-carbolines ZK 93 426 (a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist) and ZK 91296 (a putative partial agonist) (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 66 (1986), S. 75-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Benzodiazepine ; benzodiazepine antagonist ; β-carboline ; partial agonist ; sedative ; self-stimulation ; ZK 91 296 ; ZK 93 426
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Low doses (300μ/kg-1.0 mg/kg) of the novelβ-carboline, ZK 91 296, a putative agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor, produced a significant increase in the rate of variable-interval self-stimulation responding, similar to that found with typical benzodiazepines. This effect was blocked by simultaneous administration of the specific benzodiazepine-receptor antagonists Ro 15-1788 (2.0 mg/kg), and ZK 93 426 (10 mg/kg). Neither antagonist, ZK 93 426 (100μg/kg-10 mg/kg) or Ro 15-1788 (2.0 mg/kg), had any effect on self-stimulation when given alone. Unlike all benzodiazepine-receptor agonists previously tested, higher doses of ZK 91 296 did not depress self-stimulation response rates, even at a dose-level 100 times greater than the maximally stimulant dose. It is uncertain why ZK 91 296 lacks depressant effects: available evidence does not conclusively favour any single current explanation, but is consistent with it acting as a “partial” agonist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01260903
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relative Effects of Nutritional Deficit and Deprivation Period on Rate of Electrical Self-stimulation of Lateral Hypothalamus (1968)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 219 (1968), S. 627-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] First, it has been suggested that the lateral hypothalamus is subject to a braking effect exerted by a rapidly acting "satiety" mechanism in the hypothalamic ventro-medial nucleus2. Because the satiety centre is active only after the ingestion of food, a period of enforced food deprivation, by ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/219627a0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of MK-801 and other antagonists of NMDA-type glutamate receptors on brain-stimulation reward (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 87-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Glutamate ; Kainate ; Ketamine ; Kynurenic acid ; MK-801 ; NMDA ; Phencyclidine ; Rat ; Self-stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract MK-801 is a ligand at phencyclidine recognition sites associated with NMDA-coupled cation channels, where it acts as a potent noncompetitive antagonist of central glutamate/aspartate (NMDA-type) receptors. Low doses (10–100 μg/kg IP) produced a dose-related and prolonged (〉1 h) enhancement of variable-interval self-stimulation responding. Higher doses (300 μg/kg) caused flaccid ataxia and disrupted responding. Ketamine HCl (3.0–100 mg/kg IP), a dissociative anaesthetic binding to the phencyclidine site, produced a similar response pattern, but facilitation was less prolonged and occurred over a narrower dose range. Kynurenic acid (3.0–300 mg/kg IP), a nonselective competitive antagonist of glutamate receptors, produced only depression of responding, possibly the result of kynurenate-induced blockade of central kainate and/or quisqualate receptors. The behavioural stimulant effects of MK-801 appear to be an intrinsic and essential feature of selective NMDA antagonists, and these effects of MK-801 differ qualitatively and quantitatively from the well-known facilitatory effects of dopamine-dependent stimulants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00634458
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Learnt tolerance to sedative effects of chlordiazepoxide on self-stimulation performance, but no tolerance to facilitatory effects after 80 days (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 214-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behavioural tolerance ; Benzodiazepine ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Instrumental learning ; Rat ; Sedation ; Self-stimulation ; Tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sedative and facilitatory effects on variable-interval hypothalamic self-stimulation were monitored during chronic treatment with chlordiazepoxide (CDP; 7.5 mg/kg IP), given at 48-h intervals in two groups of rats. Group 1 was injected immediately before each of 40 1-h self-stimulation sessions (“drugged responding”); Group 2 was injected after self-stimulation for the first 20 sessions (“undrugged responding”), and before self-stimulation for a further 20 sessions (“drugged responding”). Significant sedation occurred in both groups in initial sessions of drugged responding, even though Group 2 had already received 20 injections of CDP (after undrugged sessions). Sedative effects showed very rapid tolerance, and disappeared after 1–3 sessions, but only in rats which had been responding while drugged (and which thus had had opportunities to develop coping strategies against the sedative effects). After further sessions of drugged responding, sedation was replaced by apparently stimulant effects. Stimulant effects showed no tolerance at all in either group even after 40 injections, thus differing from anti-conflict (and other) effects of BZDs, which generally show gradual tolerance. These results show that coping strategies acquired by instrumental learning can account for rapid and selective tolerance to sedative effects. Coping strategies do not account for the differing rates of tolerance to stimulant and to other effects of BZDs; these differences may indicate pharmacologically distinct brain systems downstream from the BZD receptor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00179936
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feeding stimulated by very low doses of d-amphetamine administered systemically or by microinjection into the striatum (1982)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 78 (1982), S. 336-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: d-Amphetamine ; Feeding ; Locomotion ; Stereotypy ; Striatum ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of d-amphetamine over a wide range of doses (0.125–4.0 mg/kg IP) on rat unconditioned behaviour were examined in the presence of food and water (experiment 1), in their absence (experiment 2) and after microinjection (2.0 μg in 0.5 μl) directly into the striatum (experiment 3). In experiment 1 very low doses (0.125 and 0.25 mg/kg) stimulated the intake of food, but not water, and higher doses produced locomotor hyperactivity, rearing, stereotyped sniffing and anorexia. In experiment 2 all doses, including very low doses (0.125 and 0.25 mg/kg), significantly potentiated locomotor activity. In experiment 3, microinjection into the corpus striatum elicited substantial feeding, but not drinking, locomotor activity or stereotyped behaviour. The results suggest that a single graded facilitative mechanism underlies the effects on food intake and other behavioural effects of amphetamine, as implied by a general hypothesis of amphetamine action proposed in the literature, and that these effects may to a large extent by mediated by forebrain dopamine systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433737
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