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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolated post-challenge hyperglycaemia confirmed as a risk factor for mortality (1999)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 42 (1999), S. 1050-1054 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Type II diabetes ; mortality ; cardiovascular disease ; cancer ; population study ; post-challenge hyperglycaemia.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aims/hypothesis. The aim of this study was to examine the possible link between isolated post-challenge hyperglycaemia (2-h post-challenge plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l, and fasting plasma glucose 〈 7.0 mmol/l) and mortality. Methods. The data from three population based longitudinal studies (in Mauritius, Fiji and Nauru) were pooled and mortality rates were determined in 9179 people who were followed for between 5 and 12 years. Results. There were 595 people with previously diagnosed diabetes, and 799 with newly diagnosed diabetes, of whom 243 (31) had isolated post-challenge hyperglycaemia. In comparison with people without diabetes, people with isolated post-challenge hyperglycaemia had an increased risk of all-cause mortality [Cox proportional hazards ratio (95 % CI): 2.7 (1.8–3.9) – men; 2.0 (1.3–3.3) – women], and of cardiovascular mortality [2.3 (1.2–4.2) – men; 2.6 (1.3–5.1) – women]. In addition, men with isolated post-challenge hyperglycaemia had a high risk of cancer death [8.0 (3.6–17.9)]. Conclusion/interpretation. These data show that isolated post-challenge hyperglycaemia, which can only be identified by the 2-h glucose, is common, and at least doubles the mortality risk. This should be considered in the design of screening programmes that use only fasting glucose [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 1050–1054]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250051269
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Separation of two distinct fast interface state contributions at the (100)Si/SiO2 interface using the conductance technique (1992)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 60 (1992), S. 624-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have studied the annealing of fast and slow Si/SiO2 interface states generated by 10-MeV electron irradiation using the conductance technique. The fast-state conductance peak is shown to be separable into contributions from defects characterized by two different capture cross sections, densities of states, and annealing behaviors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.107461
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On chlorosulphonation and the electron microscopy of polyethylene (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 12 (1977), S. 2065-2075 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that chlorosulphonation is a major aid to the electron microscopy of polyethylene for various samples which had mostly been crystallized at high pressures and included at least a proportion of the so-called chain-extended form. It is confirmed that sheets of excess electron density are produced at lamellar surfaces, but also including lateral surfaces. This is due primarily to the incorporation of chlorine and sulphur rather than to added uranium. The time to achieve an overall reaction varies sensitively with morphology, decreasing as the number of diffusion channels increases. Crystallinity is gradually lost, but sufficient crystals remain when a sample has become uniform, and in their initial orientations, for diffraction studies to be possible. The technique has been used to demonstrate that, during melt crystallization, the thickness of one lamella changes in response to altered growth conditions. This is direct confirmation that lamellar thickness is determined by secondary nucleation at the growth front. The tapered profile of a growing lamella previously observed in thick crystals of various polymers has been observed for chain-folded polyethylene lamellae, providing further evidence that this is a general feature of melt growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561980
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A permanganic etchant for polyolefines (1979)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 17 (1979), S. 627-643 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A permanganic etchant has been developed which reveals lamellar and other fine detail in surfaces of at least three crystalline polyolefines, viz., polyethylene (of both high and low density), isotactic polypropylene, and isotactic poly(4-methylpentene-1). In typical treatments of high-density polyethylene ca. 2 μm of material is removed with defective regions suffering preferential attack. The etchant also discriminates between lamellar orientations, eating deeper where side surfaces of laminae are exposed than on fold surfaces, and between different polymers, attacking isotactic polypropylene more strongly than polyethylene. Comparison with other techniques authenticates the detail exposed and samples appear to be otherwise unaltered by their treatment. Besides normal imaging, it is also possible to use etched samples for transmission diffraction studies in the electron microscope. The method has very considerable application for revealing lamellar details in crystalline polyolefines (which can be chosen to be representative or selective according to the nature of the surface used). Examples are given of a wide variety of melt-crystallized morphologies for the three polymers cited and also of lamellae in a drawn polyethylene sample. It is pointed out that permanganic etching is complementary to the technique of chlorosulfonation used to stain polyethylene in a similar way as bright field microscopy is to dark field.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1979.180170406
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epitaxial crystallization of polymers onto benzoic acid: Polyethylene and paraffins, aliphatic polyesters, and polyamides (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 21 (1983), S. 2495-2509 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Epitaxial crystallization of polyethylene, n-paraffins, aliphatic polyesters, and various polyamides has been achieved on benzoic acid crystal substrates, specifically on their (001) crystals faces, which are made up of the aromatic rings. The epitaxial relationship is very similar for all polymers investigated: it is characterized by a unique chain orientation (parallel to the b axis of the substrate) and a plane of contact which is either the b-c, plane of polyethylene, or crystallographically similar ones for polyesters, or the plane of the hydrogen-bonded sheet for polyamides. Since benzoic acid is structurally similar to its alkali-metal salts, it is inferred that the nucleating efficiency of the latter toward chemically different but structurally similar polymers may well rest on an epitaxial relationship. Finally, the highly oriented morphology made it possible, for some polyesters with a monoclinic cell, to determine the angle between the chain axis and the Z axis of the optical indicatrix, a quantity not measured so far in polymers.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.180211207
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