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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anti-glutamate decarboxylase and other antibodies at the onset of childhood IDDM: a population-based study (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 1113-1120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Autoantibodies ; glutamate decarboxylase ; islet cell antibodies ; insulin ; thyroid peroxidase ; coeliac disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sera obtained at diagnosis from 273 children (0–14 years) with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were studied to compare different autoantibody levels. The subjects comprise 75% of all incident cases in New South Wales, Australia, for a 2-year period (ascertainment 〉99% complete). Antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase were measured by radioimmunoprecipitation, insulin autoantibodies (on 176 sera collected within 4 days of initiation of insulin therapy) by radioimmunoassay, thyroid peroxidase and antigliadin IgA antibodies by enzyme-linked immunoassay, and anti-endomysial IgA and islet cell antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence. Reference ranges for anti-glutamate decarboxylase and insulin autoantibodies were determined in a group of non-diabetic children. Of the sera 69% were positive for anti-glutamate decarboxylase, 65% for insulin autoantibodies, 71% for islet cell antibodies (⩾20 Juvenile Diabetes Foundation units), 10% for anti-thyroid peroxidase, 2.6% for antigliadin and 3.0% for anti-endomysial antibodies. Islet cell antibodies and insulin autoantibodies were both negative in 13.7% of the sera, while only 5.8% were negative for all three of islet cell antibodies, insulin autoantibodies and anti-glutamate decarboxylase. There was a higher frequency of anti-glutamate decarboxylase among girls than boys (75% vs 63%, p=0.03) and a negative correlation between the level of insulin autoantibodies and age at diagnosis (r=−0.41, p〈0.0001). A higher frequency of antithyroid peroxidase was found with increasing age (p=0.05). Higher titres of islet cell antibodies were associated with a higher frequency of both anti-glutamate decarboxylase (p〈0.0001) and insulin autoantibodies (p=0.003). Five children (1.8%) with clear elevations of antigliadin and anti-endomysial antibodies were found to have asymptomatic coeliac disease by small bowel biopsy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00418375
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anti-glutamate decarboxylase and other antibodies at the onset of childhood IDDM: a population-based study (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 1113-1120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Autoantibodies ; glutamate decarboxylase ; islet cell antibodies ; insulin ; thyroid peroxidase ; coeliac disease.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sera obtained at diagnosis from 273 children (0–14 years) with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were studied to compare different autoantibody levels. The subjects comprise 75 % of all incident cases in New South Wales, Australia, for a 2-year period (ascertainment 〉 99 % complete). Antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase were measured by radioimmunoprecipitation, insulin autoantibodies (on 176 sera collected within 4 days of initiation of insulin therapy) by radioimmunoassay, thyroid peroxidase and antigliadin IgA antibodies by enzyme-linked immunoassay, and anti-endomysial IgA and islet cell antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence. Reference ranges for anti-glutamate decarboxylase and insulin autoantibodies were determined in a group of non-diabetic children. Of the sera 69 % were positive for anti-glutamate decarboxylase, 65 % for insulin autoantibodies, 71 % for islet cell antibodies (≥ 20 Juvenile Diabetes Foundation units), 10 % for anti-thyroid peroxidase, 2.6 % for antigliadin and 3.0 % for anti-endomysial antibodies. Islet cell antibodies and insulin autoantibodies were both negative in 13.7 % of the sera, while only 5.8 % were negative for all three of islet cell antibodies, insulin autoantibodies and anti-glutamate decarboxylase. There was a higher frequency of anti-glutamate decarboxylase among girls than boys (75 % vs 63 %, p = 0.03) and a negative correlation between the level of insulin autoantibodies and age at diagnosis (r = –0.41, p 〈 0.0001). A higher frequency of anti-thyroid peroxidase was found with increasing age (p = 0.05). Higher titres of islet cell antibodies were associated with a higher frequency of both anti-glutamate decarboxylase (p 〈 0.0001) and insulin autoantibodies (p = 0.003). Five children (1.8 %) with clear elevations of antigliadin and anti-endomysial antibodies were found to have asymptomatic coeliac disease by small bowel biopsy. [Diabetologia (1994) 37: 1113–1120]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00418375
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A genetic marker at the glucokinase gene locus for Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Mauritian Creoles (1992)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. 632-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; glucokinase ; population association study ; polymorphism ; dinucleotide (CA)n repeat ; obesity ; genetic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The prevalence of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is high in Mauritius, a multiethnic island nation in the southwestern Indian Ocean. Evaluation of candidate genes in the different ethnic groups represents a means of assessing the genetic component. As glucokinase is known to be a key regulator of glucose homeostasis in liver and pancreatic Beta-cells, the human gene was isolated and a dinucleotide repeat (CA)n marker was identified at this locus. A polymerase chain reaction assay was developed, and alleles differing in size were observed in individuals, according to the number of repeats in the amplified fragment. Eighty-five Creoles and 63 Indians of known glucose tolerance status were typed by amplification of genomic DNA for this dinucleotide (CA)n repeat marker. Four different alleles were observed including Z, the most common allele, and Z+2, Z+4, and Z+10, which differed from Z by 2, 4, and 10 nucleotides respectively. In Mauritian Creoles, the frequency of the Z+2 allele was greater in Type 2 diabetic subjects than in control subjects (23.8 % vs 8.9 %, p=0.008), and the frequency of the Z allele was lower in Type 2 diabetic subjects (60% vs 75.6%, p=0.03). Analysis with univariate logistic regression models indicated that the Z+2 allele had the highest odds ratio, 3.08 (95% confidence interval 1.14–8.35, p=0.0416), among the other risk factors (age, sex, body mass index, and waist/hip ratio). The multivariate odds ratio for Type 2 diabetes was 2.88 (95% confidence interval 0.98–8.50, p=0.0551). In contrast, in the Mauritian Indian population, no differences were noted between the frequency of any glucokinase allele in the Type 2 diabetic and control groups. These data suggest that the Z+2 allele is an important risk factor for Type 2 diabetes in Mauritian Creoles, but not in Mauritian Indians, and also imply that the glucokinase gene may play a role in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes in Mauritian Creoles. Further studies are needed to define the nature of this defect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400254
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diabetes epidemiology as a tool to trigger diabetes research and care (1999)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 42 (1999), S. 499-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Epidemiology ; Type II diabetes ; epidemic ; metabolic syndrome ; insulin resistance ; classification ; criteria ; leptin.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250051188
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolated post-challenge hyperglycaemia confirmed as a risk factor for mortality (1999)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 42 (1999), S. 1050-1054 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Type II diabetes ; mortality ; cardiovascular disease ; cancer ; population study ; post-challenge hyperglycaemia.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aims/hypothesis. The aim of this study was to examine the possible link between isolated post-challenge hyperglycaemia (2-h post-challenge plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l, and fasting plasma glucose 〈 7.0 mmol/l) and mortality. Methods. The data from three population based longitudinal studies (in Mauritius, Fiji and Nauru) were pooled and mortality rates were determined in 9179 people who were followed for between 5 and 12 years. Results. There were 595 people with previously diagnosed diabetes, and 799 with newly diagnosed diabetes, of whom 243 (31) had isolated post-challenge hyperglycaemia. In comparison with people without diabetes, people with isolated post-challenge hyperglycaemia had an increased risk of all-cause mortality [Cox proportional hazards ratio (95 % CI): 2.7 (1.8–3.9) – men; 2.0 (1.3–3.3) – women], and of cardiovascular mortality [2.3 (1.2–4.2) – men; 2.6 (1.3–5.1) – women]. In addition, men with isolated post-challenge hyperglycaemia had a high risk of cancer death [8.0 (3.6–17.9)]. Conclusion/interpretation. These data show that isolated post-challenge hyperglycaemia, which can only be identified by the 2-h glucose, is common, and at least doubles the mortality risk. This should be considered in the design of screening programmes that use only fasting glucose [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 1050–1054]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250051269
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hyperinsulinaemia in youth is a predictor of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (1992)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. 534-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; incidence ; insulin ; youth ; Nauru ; Tuvalu
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study aimed to compare plasma insulin concentrations across the age-range from childhood to old age in the populations of Nauru and Tuvalu, and to assess their relationship to the incidence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in young Nauruans. The studies, performed in 1975 and 1976, found that Nauru had a higher prevalence of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus than Tuvalu. Both studies included subjects of 8–29 years of age (n=320 in Nauru, n=318 in Tuvalu) and on these subjects glucose tolerance status, body mass index and fasting and 2-h (post 75 g glucose load) plasma insulin concentrations were determined. In Nauru, follow-up surveys in 1982 and 1987 included many of the subjects first seen in 1975/1976, allowing the incidence and natural history of glucose intolerance to be studied. Within the group of subjects with normal glucose tolerance, there was no effect of age on plasma insulin distributions in either population. However, in both populations, 8–19 year old subjects with normal glucose tolerance had higher body mass index-adjusted geometric mean fasting and 2-h insulin concentrations than older age-groups (p 〈 0.001 for fasting insulin). Body mass index-adjusted geometric mean 2-h plasma insulin was higher in subjects with abnormal glucose tolerance relative to those with normal glucose tolerance in both populations. In Nauruans, 2-h insulin levels at baseline were predictive of impaired glucose tolerance and Type 2 diabetes in 1982, and fasting and 2-h insulin levels predicted development of Type 2 diabetes in 1987. Hyperinsulinaemia in the presence of normal glucose tolerance is evident in young people in Nauru and Tuvalu, as has been demonstrated in other populations known to have high susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes. Even in youth, elevated fasting and 2-h insulin concentration is predictive of subsequent deterioration in glucose tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400481
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