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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 206 (1978), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 10 augengensunden Personen wurde das Elektroretinogramm (ERG) unter skotopischen und photopischen Bedingungen abgeleitet, wobei die Pupille des einen Auges medikamentös weitgestellt, die des anderen Auges enggestellt war. Da die menschliche Iris außerhalb des Knotenpunkts des Auges gelegen ist, wirkt sie nicht nur als helligkeitsregelnde Aperturblende, sondern auch als sehwinkelbegrenzende Bildfeldblende, insbesondere für ausgedehnte Objektfelder wie bei Ganzfeldbeleuchtung. Diese doppelte Wirkung einer enggestellten Pupille beeinflußt das unterGanzfeldbedingungen abgeleitete ERG durch Verschiebung der Amplituden-Kennlinien zu höheren Leuchtdichten und durch Verminderung der Maximalamplituden. Kontrollexperimente mit kleineren Testfeldern, die durch die Bildfeldblendenwirkung der Pupille weniger beeinflußt werden, zeigen keine Verringerung der Amplituden der skotopischen b-Welle. Die von der Zahl der gereizten Rezeptoren nahezu unabhängigen Gipfelzeit-Kennlinien lassen sich bei Kenntnis des Pupillendurchmessers durch Berechnung der Pupillenstärke (Einheit Troland) angleichen. Demgegenüber sind die Amplitudenwerte von der durch die Bildfeldblendenwirkung der Pupille hervorgerufenen Verminderung der Rezeptorenzahl abhängig; sie können allein durch Berücksichtigung des Pupillendurchmessers nicht angeglichen werden. Unter Ganzfeldbedingungen zeigt sich dieser Effekt am deutlichsten für die hauptsächlich von Neuronen der peripheren Netzhaut generierte skotopische b-Welle; er ist für die mehr vom Netzhautzentrum ausgelösten photopischen Antworten weniger ausgeprägt.
    Notes: Summary The electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded in 10 normal subjects under scotopic and photopic conditions with the pupil of one eye constricted and that of the other eye dilated. The human iris, being displaced from the nodal point of the eye, acts not only as an aperture, regulating the retinal illumination, but also as a field stop, limiting the visual angle, especially for large object fields, as in Ganzfeld illumination. This double effect of a constricted pupil clearly influences the Ganzfeld ERG, not only shifting the intensity response functions to higher luminances but also diminishing the maximal responses. Control experiments with smaller test fields, which are less affected by the pupillary field-stop properties, reveal no diminution of the scotopic b-wave amplitudes. Implicit time functions, being nearly independent of the number of receptors stimulated, can be matched by taking into account the pupillary diameter and calculating the actual retinal illumination (Troland). Amplitudes, being highly affected by a decrease of responding neurons due to the angle-limiting field-stop character of the pupil, cannot be matched with regard to the pupillary diameter. This effect is most noticeable in Ganzfeld illumination for the scotopic b-wave, generated mainly by neurons of the peripheral retina, and has less effect on the photopic responses that are generated more centrally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Astrocytes ; Ensheathing cells ; Glia-derived nexin ; Gerbil ; Meriones unguiculatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The glia-derived serine protease inhibitor and neurite outgrowth promotor protease nexin-1 (PN-1) is expressed in Schwann cell precursors and astroblasts during embryogenesis. In the adult nervous system, PN-1 persists in the Schwann cells and olfactory glia only. Light-microscopic immunohistochemistry has revealed the presence of PN-1 in the olfactory mucosa and in the nerve fiber layer of the olfactory bulb. The present electron-microscopic study of the gerbil olfactory bulb confirms the occurrence of PN-1 in ensheathing cells of the olfactory nerve fiber layer, a special type of glia which envelops olfactory axons. In addition, PN-1 is contained in typical astrocytes of the nerve fiber layer and of the glomerular layer. It is inferred that synthesis of PN-1 in the olfactory bulbs is maintained throughout adulthood because its neurite outgrowth promoting action is required for the continuous renewal of olfactory receptor neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Astrocytes ; Ensheathing cells ; Glia-derived nexin ; Gerbil, Meriones unguiiculatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The glia-derived serine protease inhibitor and neurite outgrowth promotor protease nexin-1 (PN-1) is expressed in Schwann cell precursors and astroblasts during embryogenesis. In the adult nervous system, PN-1 persists in the Schwann cells and olfactory glia only. Light-microscopic immunohistochemistry has revealed the presence of PN-1 in the olfactory mucosa and in the nerve fiber layer of the olfactory bulb. The present electron-microscopic study of the gerbil olfactory bulb confirms the occurrence of PN-1 in ensheathing cells of the olfactory nerve fiber layer, a special type of glia which envelops olfactory axons. In addition, PN-1 is contained in typical astrocytes of the nerve fiber layer and of the glomerular layer. It is inferred that synthesis of PN-1 in the olfactory bulbs is maintained throughout adulthood because its neurite outgrowth promoting action is required for the continuous renewal of olfactory receptor neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-01-22
    Language: English
    Type: conferenceobject , doc-type:conferenceObject
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2021-01-22
    Description: Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems form a special class of distributed systems. Typically, nodes in a P2P system are flat and share the same responsabilities. In this thesis we focus on three problems that occur in P2P systems: the storage of data replicates, quantile computation on distributed data streams, and churn rate estimation. Data replication is one of the oldest techniques to maintain stored data in a P2P system and to reply to read requests. Applications, which use data replication are distributed databases. They are part of an abstract overlay network and do not see the underlying network topology. The question is how to place a set of data replicates in a distributed system such that response times and failure probabilities become minimal without a priori knowledge of the topology of the underlying hardware nodes? We show how to utilize an agglomerative clustering procedure to reach this goal. State-of-the-art algorithms for aggregation of distributed data or data streams require at some point synchronization, or merge data aggregates hierarchically, which does not accompany the basic principle of P2P systems. We test whether randomized communication and merging of data aggregates are able to produce the same results. These data aggregates serve for quantile queries. Constituting and maintaining a P2P overlay network requires frequent message passing. It is a goal to minimize the number of maintenance messages since they consume bandwidth which might be missing for other applications. The lower bound of the frequency for mainte- nance messages is highly dependent on the churn rate of peers. We show how to estimate the mean lifetime of peers and to reduce the frequency for maintenance messages without destabilizing the infrastructure of the constituting overlay.
    Language: English
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2021-01-21
    Language: German
    Type: bachelorthesis , doc-type:bachelorThesis
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