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  • 1
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (xIRP) is a severe progressive retinal degeneration which affects about 1 in 25,000 of the population. The most common form of xIRR RP3, has been localised to the interval between CYBB and OTC in Xp21.1 by linkage analysis and deletion mapping. Identification of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Ophthalmologe 97 (2000), S. 788-791 
    ISSN: 1433-0423
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Augeninnendruck ; Tonometer ; Kaninchen ; Keywords Intraocular pressure ; Tonometer ; Rabbits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Purpose. To assess use of the tonometer ProTon for measuring intraocular pressure in rabbits. Materials and methods. Eleven chinchilla-bastard rabbits were measured under standardized conditions with the applanation tonometer ProTon for 62±15 days. One rabbit was excluded because of intensively defensive reactions. Results. Intraocular pressure in the ten rabbits was 12.15±3.63 mmHg in the right eye and 12.11±3.52 mmHg in the left eye. Conclusion. Intraocular pressure can be measured reliably over a long period with the applanation tonometer ProTon. It is therefore suitable for determining intraocular pressure in experimentally induced glaucoma in rabbits.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung. Untersuchung des lageunabhängigen Applanationstonometers ProTon im Tiermodell. Material und Methoden. Elf Chinchilla-Bastard-Kaninchen wurden unter standardisierten Bedingungen über einen Zeitraum von 62±15 Tagen mit dem ProTon-Applanationstonometer (Fa. Tomey, Deutschland) untersucht. Ergebnisse. An 10 Kaninchen wurden am rechten Auge ein Augeninnendruck von 12,15±3,63 mmHg und am linken Auge ein Augeninnendruck von 12,11±3,52 mmHg gemessen. Ein Kaninchen musste wegen massiver Abwehrreaktionen ausgeschlossen werden. Diskussion. Mit dem Applanationstonometer ProTon konnten über einen längeren Zeitverlauf hinweg zuverlässige Augeninnendruckwerte erhoben werden. Damit eignet es sich zur Druckmessung bei experimentell induzierten Glaukomen bei Kaninchen.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 206 (1978), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 10 augengensunden Personen wurde das Elektroretinogramm (ERG) unter skotopischen und photopischen Bedingungen abgeleitet, wobei die Pupille des einen Auges medikamentös weitgestellt, die des anderen Auges enggestellt war. Da die menschliche Iris außerhalb des Knotenpunkts des Auges gelegen ist, wirkt sie nicht nur als helligkeitsregelnde Aperturblende, sondern auch als sehwinkelbegrenzende Bildfeldblende, insbesondere für ausgedehnte Objektfelder wie bei Ganzfeldbeleuchtung. Diese doppelte Wirkung einer enggestellten Pupille beeinflußt das unterGanzfeldbedingungen abgeleitete ERG durch Verschiebung der Amplituden-Kennlinien zu höheren Leuchtdichten und durch Verminderung der Maximalamplituden. Kontrollexperimente mit kleineren Testfeldern, die durch die Bildfeldblendenwirkung der Pupille weniger beeinflußt werden, zeigen keine Verringerung der Amplituden der skotopischen b-Welle. Die von der Zahl der gereizten Rezeptoren nahezu unabhängigen Gipfelzeit-Kennlinien lassen sich bei Kenntnis des Pupillendurchmessers durch Berechnung der Pupillenstärke (Einheit Troland) angleichen. Demgegenüber sind die Amplitudenwerte von der durch die Bildfeldblendenwirkung der Pupille hervorgerufenen Verminderung der Rezeptorenzahl abhängig; sie können allein durch Berücksichtigung des Pupillendurchmessers nicht angeglichen werden. Unter Ganzfeldbedingungen zeigt sich dieser Effekt am deutlichsten für die hauptsächlich von Neuronen der peripheren Netzhaut generierte skotopische b-Welle; er ist für die mehr vom Netzhautzentrum ausgelösten photopischen Antworten weniger ausgeprägt.
    Notes: Summary The electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded in 10 normal subjects under scotopic and photopic conditions with the pupil of one eye constricted and that of the other eye dilated. The human iris, being displaced from the nodal point of the eye, acts not only as an aperture, regulating the retinal illumination, but also as a field stop, limiting the visual angle, especially for large object fields, as in Ganzfeld illumination. This double effect of a constricted pupil clearly influences the Ganzfeld ERG, not only shifting the intensity response functions to higher luminances but also diminishing the maximal responses. Control experiments with smaller test fields, which are less affected by the pupillary field-stop properties, reveal no diminution of the scotopic b-wave amplitudes. Implicit time functions, being nearly independent of the number of receptors stimulated, can be matched by taking into account the pupillary diameter and calculating the actual retinal illumination (Troland). Amplitudes, being highly affected by a decrease of responding neurons due to the angle-limiting field-stop character of the pupil, cannot be matched with regard to the pupillary diameter. This effect is most noticeable in Ganzfeld illumination for the scotopic b-wave, generated mainly by neurons of the peripheral retina, and has less effect on the photopic responses that are generated more centrally.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 206 (1978), S. 107-120 
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Amplituden und Gipfelzeiten der einzelnen schnellen Potentialschwingungen im menschlichen Elektroretinogramm (oszillatorische Potentiale) wurden im Bezug zu zeitlichen, adaptiven und spektralen Reizparametern untersucht. In einer Serie von oszillatorischen Potentialen (OP's) zeigt dasjenige mit der längsten Gipfelzeit auffallende Unterschiede gegenüber den vorangehenden; seine Gipfelzeit verkürzt sich mit Steigerung der Reizfrequenz oder der adaptiven Beleuchtung, während die Gipfelzeit der vorangehenden OP's sich verlängert oder gleich bleibt. Darüber hinaus zeigt das letzte OP im Gegensatz zu den übrigen einen zeitlichen Bezug zum Reizende. Dies läßt sich erhärten durch lineare Subtraktion seiner, durch einen isolierten Hellsprung ausgelösten on-Antworten von on/off-Antworten auf Reize unterschiedlicher Dauer. Die Befunde weisen darauf hin, daß das in einer Serie zuletzt auftretende OP in enger Beziehung zur Beendigung eines Lichtreizes steht und vermutlich von den in Einzel-Zell-Versuchen gefundenen retinalen off-Elementen generiert wird.
    Notes: Summary Amplitudes and implicit times of the several oscillatory potentials (OP's) in the human electroretinogram have been studied in relation to temporal, adaptive and spectral stimulus variables. The last of the OP-wavelets responds differently from the preceding ones; its implicit time shortens with increase in stimulus frequency or adaptive illumination, whereas that of the preceding OP's is prolonged or stays constant. Moreover, the last OP-wavelet is time locked with the stimulus offset, whereas the others are not. This can be confirmed by linear subtraction of responses to an isolated stimulus onset from responses to stimuli of variable durations. These results indicate, that the last oscillatory potential is related to the light offset and is presumably generated by the retinal off-elements described in single cell recordings.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 2 (1999), S. 61-72 
    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: biohybrid cell culture ; chick ; neurite growth ; immunocytochemistry ; microphotodiode ; optoelectric stimulation ; retinal implant ; retinitis pigmentosa ; scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Various neurodegenerative diseases of the retina lead to blindness. Since no pharmacological or gene therapy is available, the alternative concept of neuroprostheses has stimulated the development of micromachined photovoltaic devices. One strategy aims to replace degenerated photoreceptors by microphotodiode arrays (MPDA). MPDAs in the subretinal space shall transform light stimuli into electrical current for the stimulation of still unhampered retinal neurons. MPDAs were fabricated as silicon based multilayered PIN microstructures comprising titanium nitride stimulation electrodes of an area of 8 × 8 μm2. In an effort to develop meaningful tools to evaluate functional MPDA biocompatibility, a novel in vitro system was designed. Retinal cells were cultured on MPDAs, while current generation in MPDAs as in the eye was imitated by light emitting diodes (LED) operating at different wavelengths. For analysis epifluorescence and scannning electron microscopy was employed. MPDAs displayed increasing current delivery with increasing illumination. Surface modification of MPDAs including oxygen plasma treatment and adsorption of polyanions together with laminin were found to render the MPDA surface permissive for cell adhesion. Cell vitality tests using fluorescence markers revealed no adverse effects of optoelectric stimulation via LED/MPDAs. In addition, neurite formation and the expression of differentiation antigen 2A10 were unaffected after stimulation. Optoelectric stimulation allowed regular differentiation of various retinal cell types. In summary, the data provide the first evidence that optoelectric stimulation via MPDAs does not hamper cellular integrity under the experimental conditions chosen. The results support the concept of microphotodiodes as a retinal prosthesis.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Documenta ophthalmologica 63 (1986), S. 305-312 
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: alcohol-dehydrogenase ; blue-sensitive cones ; color vision ; electrooculogram ; ethyl alcohol ; Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test ; Panel D-15 test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Color vision tests and electrooculography (EOG) were performed in 6 male and 2 female healthy young trichromatic volunteers between 60 and 130 min after finishing consumption of ethyl alcohol leading to blood levels of approximately 0.07% to 0.16%. The average number of errors in the desaturated Panel D-15 arrangement test rose from 0.86 to 2.0; the average error score in the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test rose from 26 to 79. The axis of errors in both tests was clearly tritanopic and tetartanopic, pointing to a specific effect of ethyl alcohol on the function of blue-sensitive cones and/or their interaction with longer wavelength-sensitive cones. Ethyl alcohol decreased the size of the light-peak, apparently in a dose-dependent fashion, in each of the 16 eyes by values between 3% and 79%. The effect of alcohol on the EOG light peak was stronger between 30 and 95 min (23% decrease in average) than between 95 and 130 min (14% decrease) after the finish of alcohol administration.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Documenta ophthalmologica 68 (1988), S. 283-292 
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: Pattern-electroretinogram ; melanoma ; retinal detachment ; glaucoma ; rod-electroretinogram ; cone-electroretinogram ; Fourier analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A comparison between results obtained by pattern electroretinography (ERG), Ganzfeld cone and rod-ERG was made in 7 patients suffering from melanoma, glaucoma and retinal detachment. It was shown that the extent of the lesions, not seen ophthalmoscopically, can be well monitored by the second harmonic component of pattern electroretinography in cases where conventional Ganzfeld ERG's do not reveal defects. Especially damage caused by acute glaucoma attacks and those stemming from chronic hypertension can be well differentiated.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Documenta ophthalmologica 73 (1989), S. 347-357 
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: pattern electroretinogram ; Fourier analysis ; fovea ; retinal eccentricity ; spatial tuning ; visual field
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the value of the extrafoveal pattern electroretinogram for evaluation of local retinal defects, electroretinographic responses to contrast reversal stimulation were recorded at various locations in the central and midperipheral retina. Normal values were established in 20 eyes, and spatial selectivity at different retinal eccentricities was determined in four eyes. The response amplitude was found to decrease steeply from the fovea until about 12° eccentricity and to decline only slowly thereafter. For central stimulation a clear attenuation for coarser patterns was observed. At 20° and at 30° eccentricity the spatial tuning function exhibited a bandpass characteristic, with the maximum amplitude shifting to lower spatial frequencies. Despite the relatively low peripheral amplitudes a satisfactory signal to noise ratio of the second harmonic responses can be obtained by Fourier analysis, which improves clinical applicability. The comparison of sensitivity in the upper and lower retina revealed a considerable asymmetry, with responses in the upper retina approximately 20% higher. No significant difference, however, was found when the temporal or nasal retina was stimulated. The reproducibility of these results is high enough to encourage clinical studies. A case of retinal venous branch occlusion exemplifies the applicability of this technique in eccentric fundus lesions.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Documenta ophthalmologica 71 (1989), S. 279-292 
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: color vision ; drug effects ; ethambutol ; spectral sensitivity ; tritanopia ; visual evoked potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Six patients with severe ocular side effects caused by therapeutical doses of the tuberculostatic drug ethambutol were investigated during the course of recovery with psychophysical and electrophysiological methods. Three patients developed an optic atrophy with permanently reduced vision as a likely consequence of additional risk factors such as diabetes, alcohol abuse, and reduced kidney function. The severity of the neuritis of the optic nerve was not related to the total intake of ethambutol. The likelihood of a permanent ocular damage increased sharply if the visual acuity had dropped below a value of 1/10. Permanently prolonged latency of the P-100 component was found in visual evoked potentials even in cases with good recovery from ethambutol-induced damage. The recovery of color vision could be monitored very well with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test which revealed a diffuse impairment of color discrimination with a slight prevalence of the red-green axis. In addition to the known disturbances of the red-green antagonistic neurons, it could be demonstrated by measuring transient tritanopia and spectral sensitivity functions that ethambutol also affects the blue-yellow antagonism at the retinal level.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Documenta ophthalmologica 75 (1990), S. 83-95 
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: adaptation ; cat ; rod ; cone ; extracellular recording ; ganglion cell ; rod-cone interaction ; sensitization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Extracellular ganglion cell responses were recorded to investigate mechanisms of light adaptation. Monochromatic test spots (575 nm) were projected onto the receptive field center of off-center cells and superimposed on a steady blue-green Ganzfeld background (Schott Filter BG 28), the strength of which was increased in steps of 0.5 log units to adapt rods. Response vs. log intensity functions were determined over a range of 7 log units of test light irradiance at each background level. At higher adaptation levels response thresholds followed the typical Weber function. Surprisingly at lower adaptation levels the sensitivity of the cell increased by about 0.7 log units, most markedly in a range of 1 log unit of moderate light adaptation when the background was changed from dark to the dimmest detectable background (10−5lm/m2). In the dark-adapted state a small off-response of long latency (40–100ms at 102 quanta · s−1 · μm−2) is observed at low rod stimulating test light irradiances. A transition to a cone-dominated transient response of 2 to 5 ms duration occurred at high intensities (105 quanta · s−1 · μm2). At mesopic levels the two responses seem to cancel each other, rendering a delayed off-response that is probably the result of rod-cone interaction. As in psychophysics, saturation can be observed at very high background intensities (106 quanta · s−1 μm−2). These data suggest interactions between rods and cones that determine the sensitivity of cat retinal ganglion cells at low levels of adaptation for suprathreshold stimuli.
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