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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 11 (1972), S. 112-117 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The oculomotor system, as far as horizontal voluntary eyemovements are concerned, is analyzed by way of average gain and phase frequency plots based on sinusoidal and random noise inputs. On account of the non-linear properties of the system, it is not possible to obtain an overall-transfer-function, but nevertheless frequency-responses are sufficiently appropriate to demonstrate the system-performance using different types of signals. Frequencyresponses are significantly different for sinusoidal and random inputs, because of the interference of the saccadic component. On the other hand, gain and phase, to a certain extent, turn out to be independent of the amplitude of the input.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 23 (1975), S. 157-166 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ventrobasal thalamus complex ; Thermosensitivity ; Burstactivity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recordings were made of spike-trains from 163 neurons of the rostral part of the ventrobasal thalamus complex of the rat while the temperature of the scrotal skin was altered. The following results were obtained: 55 neurons were nonthermosensitive, 7 neurons cold-sensitive and 101 neurons warm-sensitive. In the case of the warm-sensitive cells a definite discrimination was possible: 61.4% of the neurons altered their firing behavior during peripheral cooling, changing from relatively even spike frequency to burst firing. This change could be induced repeatedly by altering the temperature. 38.6% of the neurons, on the other hand, reacted to cooling by slowing down their frequency. By way of statistical methods the firing patterns of the two response-types were analyzed more precisely and the differences in response to temperature stimuli more exactly defined. Likewise, the spatial distribution of the two response-types of warm-sensitive cells exhibited differences; whereas the cells devoid of burst activity occured rather uniformly in the region of the thalamus studied, the cells with bursting activity were confined more to the mediocaudal region. These findings are discussed with regard to the phenomenon of peripheral bursts and to the projection of thermoafferent pathways onto the ventrobasal thalamus complex. The functional interpretation of the various cell reactions and their role in the central processing of thermoafferent signals still remains unexplained and requires comparative studies of peripheral and central parts of the thermoafferent system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 21 (1974), S. 107-112 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Preoptic units ; Thermosensitivity ; Mean firing rate ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mean firing rates (per 10 sec) of preoptic neurons of the rat were recorded at normal temperature and after central warming and cooling. Thermosensitivity was determined according to the reactions of the mean firing rate. In compatibility with results from other animals we obtained the following percentages (52 neurons): 23% warm-sensitive, 13% cold-sensitive, 64% non-thermosensitive neurons. However, it turned out that a lot of interesting special effects are not taken into account, using exclusively the criterion “increasing/decreasing/constant mean firing rate”. Particularly we observed long lasting adaption processes and stationary non-linear effects as well as striking oscillations which were dependent on the thermal stimuli, while the mean interval value remained constant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 11 (1972), S. 86-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Horizontal voluntary eye-movements based on Gaussian random noise inputs are analyzed by way of auto-and crosscorrelation-functions and power spectra. The essential rules in applying these methods are pointed out, and the elimination of instationary trends is demonstrated. It becomes evident by these techniques that eye-tracking-movements can have a higher upper frequency limit than the movements of the corresponding target. On the other hand, they are correlated in a higher degree regarding longer delay-times. The typical delay-time of the system for processing stochastic signals is obtained by cross-correlation. The power spectra of eye-movements reveal two peaks in relation to the spectra of the target which are due to the quick saccadic components of eye-movement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 257 (1967), S. 314-314 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 260 (1968), S. 254-268 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Bilirubin ; Glucuronates ; Insulin ; Liver ; Tolbutamide ; Bilirubin ; Glucuronidsynthese ; Insulin ; Leber ; Tolbutamid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lebergewebe von Ratten, die mit Tolbutamid, mit anderen blutzuckerwirksamen Sulfonylharnstoffderivaten oder mit Insulin behandelt worden waren, bildet bei Inkubation in vitro mehr Bilirubinglucuronid als das Gewebe unbehandelter Kontrolltiere. Dieser Effekt wurde 2 Std nach der intraperitonealen Injektion der blutzuckersenkenden Stoffe nachgewiesen, er tritt dosisabhängig auf und ist mit der blutzuckersenkenden Wirkung gut korreliert. Ein dem Tolbutamid chemisch verwandtes, jedoch blutzuckerunwirksames Methylsulfonylharnstoffderivat hatte diese Wirkung nicht. Die Steigerung der Glucuronidsynthese ist dadurch bedingt, daß in der Leberzelle während einer Insulin- oder Sulfonylharnstoffhypoglykämie vermehrt aktivierte Glucuronsäure (UDPGA) für die Konjugation bereitgestellt wird. Die Aktivität des für die Konjugationsreaktion verantwortlichen Enzyms, der UDP-Glucuronyltransferase, war unter unseren Versuchsbedingungen nicht verändert. Es fanden sich keine Anhaltspunkte dafür, daß in der Insulin- oder Sulfonylharnstoffhypoglykämie die Bildung von UDPGA aus UDPG beschleunigt erfolgt. Die Aktivität der UDPG-Dehydrogenase war nicht verändert, auch Faktoren, die eine Bildung von UDPGA begünstigen könnten, wie ein erhöhter NAD+/NADH-Quotient und eine gesteigerte ATP-Konzentration im Gewebe, waren nach Tolbutamid nicht nachzuweisen.
    Notes: Summary Liver tissue of rats pretreated with tolbutamide, with other hypoglycaemic sulfonylurea compounds, or with insulin formed more bilirubinglucuronide when incubated in vitro than the tissue of untreated controls. The effect was present two hours after the blood sugar lowering agents had been injected intraperitoneally. It was dose-dependent and well correlated to the hypoglycaemic response. A methylated sulfonylurea compound, which is chemically closely related to tolbutamide but devoid of blood sugar lowering activity failed to show this effect. Glucuronide formation in hypoglycaemia induced by insulin or tolbutamide is increased as more activated glucuronic acid (UDPGA) is made available to the conjugation reaction. There was no change in the activity of the enzyme responsible for glucuronide synthesis, the UDP-glucuronyl-transferase, in our experiments. There was no indication that the formation of UDPGA from UDPG was accelerated by insulin or sulfonylureas. There was no change in the activity of the hepatic UDPG-dehydrogenase. Factors which could favour the formation of UDPGA such as an increased NAD+/NADH ratio or an elevated ATP concentration in the tissue were not present following tolbutamide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Cortisone ; Glucuronate ; Hypoglycaemia ; Liver Function ; Tolbutamide ; Cortison ; Glucuronide ; Hypoglykämie ; Leberstoffwechsel ; Tolbutamid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Vorbehandlung von Mäusen mit Tolbutamid führt zu einer gesteigerten Glucuronidsynthese im Lebergewebe, die durch eine vermehrte Bildung von UDP-Glucuronsäure erklärt werden kann. Der Effekt erreicht bereits 15 min nach der Injektion ein Maximum. Eine — auf das Ausmaß der Hypoglykämie bezogen — äquieffektive Dosis Insulin hat demgegenüber nur eine schwache Wirkung auf die Glucuronidsynthese. Lebergewebe von adrenalektomierten Tieren besitzt eine erheblich verminderte Konjugationsleistung. Auf Tolbutamid reagieren solche Tiere mit einer stärkeren Blutzuckersenkung, die schnell einsetzende Wirkung auf die Glucuronidsynthese ist jedoch nicht mehr zu beobachten. Cortisonbehandlung der adrenalektomierten Tiere stellt sowohl den ursprünglichen Verlauf der Blutzuckerkurve als auch die damit korrelierten Veränderungen der hepatischen Glucuronidierungsleistung wieder her. Die Befunde werden im Hinblick auf einen hepatischen Angriffspunkt der oralen Antidiabetica diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Liver tissue of mice which had been injected with tolbutamide synthesised more glucuronide when incubated in vitro with o-aminophenol. This effect is explained by an additional formation of UDP-glucuronic acid in the liver following tolbutamide. A maximal stimulation of glucuronic acid conjugation was present within 15 minutes. Insulin, when given in a dose which lowered blood glucose to the same extent as tolbutamide, had only a slight effect on glucuronide synthesis. The formation of o-aminophenol glucuronide was markedly reduced in liver tissue from adrenalectomised mice. Although these animals showed an increased hypoglycaemic response to tolbutamide, the immediate stimulatory effect on glucuronide synthesis was no longer present. When, however, the adrenalectomised animals had received cortisone, a stimulation of glucuronide synthesis following tolbutamide could again be demonstrated. These results suggest that tolbutamide may have a direct effect on hepatic metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 297 (1967), S. 196-200 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine vereinfachte Methode zur funktionellen Hepatektomie bei Ratten wird beschrieben. Die Leber wird durch Ligatur der gesamten Pforte ausgeschaltet, das Pfortaderblut in die V. jugularis anterior umgeleitet. Die so erhaltenen Präparate sind für mehrere Stunden lebensfähig. Die Leberfunktion ist erloschen, wie die anhaltende Pentobarbitalnarkose, der abfallende Blutzuckerspiegel und die ansteigende Blutammoniakkonzentration zeigen. Das B-Zellensystem der Langerhansschen Inseln als ein der Leber vorgeschaltetes Organ funktioniert, wie der Blutzuckerabfall auf Tolbutamid zeigt.
    Notes: Summary A description of a simplified method for functional hepatectomy in the rat is given. The liver is excluded from circulation by ligation of the afferent vessels. The blood of the portal vein is transferred to the jugular vein by an implanted polyethylene tube. Rats thus deprived of their liver survive for several hours. They are unable to maintain normal blood glucose levels, they fail to eliminate pentobarbital or to detoxicate ammonia. As the animals do still show a hypoglycemic response to tolbutamide functional hepatectomy did apparently not impair insulin release from the pancreatic islets. This indicates that the organs drained by the portal vein are not severely damaged by the operational procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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