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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Lokalanästhetika: Bupivacain ; Toxizität: Lokalanästhetika ; Key words Anaesthetics ; local ; Bupivacaine ; Cerebroventricular perfusion ; Toxicity: local anaesthetics ; CNS effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Objectives: The cardiotoxic properties of bupivacain have been well documented under in-vitro, as well as under in-vivio conditions. A further mechanism of cardiovascular impairment by bupivacaine via the central nervous system gained investigational interest in animal studies. The aim of our study was to demonstrate the effect of a ventriculocisternal perfusion of bupivacain on systemic hemodynamic variabels and their reversability by wash-out with mock-CSF. Methods: After obtaining animal investional commitee consent, nine anaesthetized and relaxated pigs were prepared for a ventriculocisternal perfusion (VCP). Hemodynamic data were obtained by invasive blood pressure measurements in the high and low pressure system as well as cardiac output (thermodilution technique), intracranial pressure and electrocardiogram. Systemic vascular resistance and stroke volume were calculated using standard formulas. A second group of three animals were exposed to an intravenous infusion of the same dose of bupivacain over the same period of time to rule out direct cardiac effects. After instrumentation baseline data were obtained (KO 1) under VCP with mock-CSF for 30 minutes. The mock-CSF was replaced by 0,05% bupivacaine in mock-CSF and VCP was continued with 3 ml · h–1 for 20 minutes. After adminstration of 500 µg bupivacaine data were collected (BU). The bupivacaine solution was replaced by mock-CSF and after twenty minutes hemodynamic measurement were repeated (KO2). Results: The intravenous adminstration of 500µg bupivacaine had no effect on all measured variables. VCP of the same dose resulted in significant increase in heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures. Left and right heart filling pressures as well as systemic vascular resistance were not affected while the stroke volume decreased. After continuation of VCP with mock-CSF hemodynamic changes were reversed. Discussion: Our results demonstrate that bupivacaine initiates an indirect cardiovascular stimulating effect of a VCP with 500 µg of bupivacaine via the central nervous system. The intravenous administration of the same dose had no effect. The centrally mediated cardiovascular effect of bupivacaine was reversed by wash-out with mock-CSF. The cardiovascular stimulation observed in this animal experiment may be of clinical relevance as a potential sign of toxic effects of bupivacaine on the CNS.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die in vitro nachweisbaren kardiotoxischen Eigenschaften des Bupivacains sind weitgehend bekannt, eine weitere, über das Zentralnervensystem vermittelte Beeinflussung des Herzkreislaufsystems wird dagegen diskutiert. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Auswirkungen der zentral vemittelten Bupivacainwirkung auf systemische Kreislaufparameter und deren Reversibilität durch Auswaschung mit künstlichem Liquor (m-CSF) tierexperimentell zu untersuchen. Methodik: Dazu wurden nach Genehmigung durch die Tierschutzkommission 9 anästhesierte Jungschweine für eine ventrikulozisternale Perfusion (VCP) mit insgesamt 500 µg Bupivacain in m-CSF präpariert. Die Messungen umfaßten neben invasiv registrierten Blutdrücken im kleinen und großen Kreislauf Herzzeitvolumen, intrakraniellen Druck und Elektrokardiogramm. Der periphere Widerstand und das Schlagvolumen wurden berechnet. Zusätzlich wurde drei Tieren einer Kontrollgruppe Bupivacain 500 µg zum Ausschluß einer direkt kardialen Wirkung intravenös appliziert. Nach einer Stabilisierungsphase im Anschluß an die Präparation wurden Ausgangswerte unter einer VCP mit m-CSF erhoben (KO 1). Danach wurde die VCP über 20 min mit Bupivacain in m-CSF fortgeführt und eine weitere Messung angeschlossen (BU). Die dritte Messung erfolgte nach VCP nur mit m-CSF über 20 min (KO 2). Ergebnisse: Die ventrikulo-zisternale Perfusion von 500 µg Bupivacain führte zu einem Anstieg des systolischen, diastolischen und mittleren arteriellen Bludrucks, der Herzfrequenz und des Herzzeitvolumens. Die rechts- und linksventrikulären Füllungsdrücke sowie der periphere Widerstand blieben unbeeinflußt. Das Schlagvolumen nahm signifikant ab. Mit der Auswaschung (KO 2) waren alle Kreislaufeffekte vollständig reversibel. Bei der intravenösen Infusion der gleichen Bupivacainmenge traten keine Änderungen in den gemessenen Variablen auf. Schlußfolgerungen: Nach unseren Ergebnissen führte die VCP mit 500 µg Bupivacain im Gegensatz zur intravenösen Infusion zu einer signifikanten, zentral vermittelten Kreislaufstimulation, die unter Fortführung der VCP mit m-CSF durch eine Verdünnung oder Auswaschung innerhalb von 20 min vollständig reversibel ist. Den beobachteten Kreislaufeffekten könnte für die frühzeitige Erkennung einer unerwünschten Reaktion auf Bupivacain für die klinische Routine Bedeutung zukommen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Intracerebral mass haematoma ; blood pressure ; brain oedema ; tissue elastance ; fluid conduction ; experimental and clinical data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This is an investigation into the prognostic factors of 117 patients with spontaneous normo- and hypertensive intracerebral haematomas, supported by animal experiments. Preserved tissue elastance and fluid conduction enables the drainage of intrinsic haematoma serum into the CSF spaces in normotensive patients, who showed an increased extension of a perifocal hypodensity in the CT. Arterial hypertension decreased the possibility of fluid resolution. Our experimental studies showed that in hypertensive cases the serum remained trapped in the haematoma, which explains the small hypodense area around the haematoma in most of the hypertensive cases. If as an exception in hypertensives a perifocal hypodensity develops then it acts as additional space-occupying factor. Corresponding observations were made in hypertensive animals which showed a reduced serum movement out of the haematoma, but an increased Evans-Blue content in the perifocal tissue. Both pathological mechanisms explain the poorer prognosis in patients with intracerebral haematomas associated with high arterial blood pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 43 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Hepatic function was assessed pre-operatively and on the first and sixth postoperative days in 40 healthy patients who underwent prolonged maxillofacial surgery with isoflurane or halothane anaesthesia. No major changes were observed in hepatic enzymes or bilirubin. One-stage prothrombin time and Factor VII concentrations decreased on the first postoperative day and this change-was more pronounced in the halothane group. The results support the use of isoflurane rather than halothane for prolonged anaesthesia in respect of the synthesising function of the liver.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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