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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 46 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Black dot, caused by Colletotrichum coccodes, is of potential concern to potato production in France as part of the tuber-blemishing disease complex. The lack of information about the actual distribution of the pathogen in potato-producing areas led to a survey of the occurrence of the disease. Black dot symptoms were observed on roots, stems and/or tubers of the 82 potato cultivars examined in 1994. A baiting bioassay, using cuttings of potato cultivars Bintje and Urgenta, revealed the presence of the pathogen in all 37 soil samples tested, which had been collected throughout the main French potato growing areas. In vitro, growth of five C. coccodes isolates recovered from diseased potatoes grown in western and southern France was severely affected by imazalil, tolchlofos-methyl and, to a lesser extent, mancozeb and thiabendazole. Conversely, iprodione, flutolanil and pencycuron were ineffective in reducing the growth of these isolates. These data indicate that C. coccodes is widespread in French potato cropping areas, that currently popular cultivars are susceptible to the disease, and that at least some of the fungicides commonly applied to seed tubers are ineffective against the pathogen. A better diagnosis of the disease, but also the insensitivity of the pathogen to several chemicals frequently used on seed tubers for controlling black or silver scurfs, might thus provide explanations for the apparent increase in black dot occurrence in recent years.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 54 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Common and netted scabs are two disfiguring bacterial diseases of potato tubers, caused by various groups of Streptomyces species. Common scab, caused primarily by Streptomyces scabies and Streptomyces europaeiscabiei, is characterized by more or less deep pustules on the tuber surface, while symptoms of netted scab, caused mainly by Streptomyces reticuliscabiei, are superficial, corky alterations of the tuber periderm. Some isolates of S. europaeiscabiei are able to induce both common and netted scab symptoms, and therefore constitute a third pathogenicity group. Like most bacterial diseases, potato scabs would be best controlled by using resistant cultivars. Repeated experiments with soil artificially infested with isolates of three species representative of the three pathogenicity groups showed the level and stability of cultivar resistance, as well as the existence of a range of aggressiveness among different isolates. The distribution of scab severity indexes recorded on a collection of 16 potato cultivars and 27 breeding clones grown in soil infested with common scab-inducing isolates was continuous, suggesting isolate nonspecific quantitative resistance. Least susceptible cultivars were Nicola, BF15, Sirtéma, and Charlotte, while Urgenta, Désirée, Ondine and Bintje were very susceptible. The same genotypes proved either highly susceptible (e.g. cvs Bintje, Désirée or Carmine) or highly resistant (e.g. cvs Charlotte, Sirtéma, Monalisa, BF15 or Belle de Fontenay) to isolates forming netted scab symptoms, suggesting isolate-specific qualitative resistance. The ability was confirmed of some isolates of S. europaeiscabiei to induce one or the other type of symptoms depending on cultivar and soil temperature.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 47 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In an attempt to better understand the importance of tuber-borne inoculum in black dot development, several potato cultivars were inoculated with various Colletotrichum coccodes isolates. Symptoms developed first on underground organs (starting 2 weeks after inoculation on roots, and later on stolons and tubers) of inoculated plants; stem infections developed only after 7–10 weeks, depending on the cultivar. Infection with C. coccodes resulted in a reduction in numbers of stolons and tubers in cv. Bintje, but not in the later maturing cv. Roseval. Significant isolate by cultivar interactions were detected from the analysis of root symptoms after inoculation of three potato cultivars (Bintje, Spunta and Desiree) with five C. coccodes isolates. Such an interaction was also detected for stolon/tuber symptoms at the latest scoring date (98 days after inoculation), but not at earlier dates (58, 70 and 84 days after inoculation). These results suggest that protocols based on root colonization might be used for investigating cultivar response to black dot and pathogenicity of C. coccodes isolates, and that some specificity exists in the reaction of potato genotypes to this pathogenic fungus.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 52 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The variability within a collection of 100 isolates of Erwinia collected from various potato cultivars and locations in Algeria was studied using physiological, biochemical and molecular tests. The comparison of their biochemical characteristics with those of the type isolates CFBP 1526 (E. carotovora ssp. atroseptica), CFBP 2046 (E. carotovora ssp. carotovora) and CFBP 2048 (E. chrysanthemi) indicated that all the isolates collected in Algeria belonged to the species E. carotovora. They included 40 typical E. carotovora ssp. carotovora and 14 E. carotovora ssp. atroseptica; the remaining 46 isolates could not be classified as E. carotovora ssp. atroseptica or ssp. carotovora, even though they were true Erwinia. Amplification of total genomic DNA with the primers Y1 and Y2, specific for E. carotovora, yielded an amplified fragment of the expected size in 99 isolates. The primers Y45 and Y46 specifically amplified a 439-bp DNA fragment in all E. carotovora ssp. atroseptica isolates tested, but not in isolates of the other E. carotovora subspecies or in atypical isolates, as expected from the characteristics of these primers. The digestion patterns of the 99 amplified products with the restriction enzymes AluI, HaeII, HpaII and Sau3AI yielded 12 RFLP groups, three of which were undescribed. The 14 isolates of E. carotovora ssp. atroseptica shared a single restriction pattern (RFLP group 1), while the typical isolates of E. carotovora ssp. carotovora and the atypical isolates composed the remaining groups (3, 4, 8–10, 12, 14, 22 and 25–27), reflecting the heterogeneity among these isolates.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: immunsérums
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An ELISA method was developed to detectC. sepedonicum: three immunsera were needed, at least two from different animals. A relationship between bacterial suspension concentrations and optical density as determined by ELISA was established (Fig 1). The lower limit for detection was 105 bacteria/ml which was similar to that obtained using IF. The relationship between ELISA and IF values determined simultaneously on different concentrations of the bacteria is given in Table 1. The specificity of ELISA and IF was tested on different bacteria pathogenic to Solanaceae species (Table 2). The optical densities obtained with healthy tuber extracts were 0; analyses of infected tubers showed not only the presence of whole bacterial cells but also of soluble antigens in the extracts (Table 3). When 1000 daughter tubers obtained from plants grown from inoculated seed tubers were examined, similar results were obtained using ELISA or IF in c. 90% of the tests (Table 4). The ELISA method was used subsequently to determine over two years the reaction of 15 potato cultivars initially inoculated withC. sepedonicum and planted in the soil. The cultivars could be divided on the basis of the percentage of contaminated daughter tubers into 11 susceptible to the pathogen, 2 slightly susceptible and 2 tolerant (Table 5).
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der entwickelte ELISA-Test zur Bestimmung vonC. sepedonicum erfordert drei Immunoserums, wovon mindestens zwei von verschiedener Tierarten stammen. Es wird eine Relation zwischen der Konzentration der Suspensionen und ihrer optischen Dichte aufgestellt (Abb. 1). Die Bestimmungsgrenze befindet sich bei 105 Bakterien/ml: diese ist identissch mit der Immunofluoreszenz-Methode (IF). Suspensionen von bekannten Konzentrationen welche simultan mit ELISA und IF bestimmt werden, ergeben die in der Tabble 1 aufgeführten Resultate. Die Spezifizität der ELISA und IF-Methoden wird bestimmt durch die Prüfung von verschiedenen pathogenen Bakterienarten auf Solanaceen (s. Tabelle 2). Tabelle 3 zeigt, dass die gesunden Knollen optische Dichten von null ergeben; die Analyse von befallenen Knollen ergibt nicht nur ganze Bakterien, aber auch aus den Extrakten auflösbare Antigenen, Einen auf 1000 Tochterknollen durchgeführten Test, von künstlich befallenen Mutterknollen stammend, gibt annähernd 90 Prozent Übereinstimmung der ELISA und IF-Ergebnisse (s. Tabelle 4). Dieser ELISa-Test wird danach benützt um das Verhalten von 15 Kartoffelsorten zu testen, welche mitC. sepedonicum inokuliert und in Erde ausgepflanzt wurden. Der Versuch wurde auf zwei Jahre bezogen. Eine Klassierung nach prozentualem Befallsgrad der Tochterknollen wird aufgestellt: elf Sorten werden als anfällig, zwei wenig anfällig und zwei tolerant gegenüber dem Pathogen beurteilt (s. Tabelle 5).
    Notes: Résumé Une adaptation d'une méthode ELISA à la détection deCorynebacterium sepedonicum est présentée. Trois immunsérums (dont au moins deux d'origines animales différentes) sont nécessaires. Les sensibilité, spécificité, reproductibilité de la méthode sont discutées et comparées à l'immunofluorescence, en analysant des souches pures et des extraits de tubercules. La méthode décrite est utilisée pour suivre la contamination de la descendance de 15 variétés sur deux générations de tubercules. Une classification des ces variétés, en fonction de leur aptitude à transmettre l'agent pathogène à leur descendance, est proposée.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 79-81 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: blackleg ; ELISA ; DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A PCR-based kit, ProbeliaTM, for the detection ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca) on potatoes was evaluated at five laboratories in four countries. The kit is based on DNA-specific PCR amplification followed by detection of amplicons by hybridization to a peroxidase-labelled DNA probe in a microplate. Specificity of the PCR primers for Eca, regardless of serogroups, was confirmed by testing against 246 bacterial, fungal and plant species. Detection limits of the assay varied little between six Eca strains in pure cultures (1.3×102 to 1.5×103 cells ml−1). When Eca-free tuber peel extract from four cultivars was inoculated with known numbers of 15 Eca strains, detection limits were more variable (1.0×101 to 6.2×103 cells ml−1 peel extract), attributed probably to inconsistency in the recovery of DNA during extraction. When the PCR assay was compared with three current commercial Eca detection methods, using naturally contaminated tubers, results matched most closely those from viable counts on a selective medium, the most sensitive method (88%), followed by enrichment ELISA (72%) and last ELISA (30%), the least sensitive method.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: sol ; plante ; effet ; rhizosphère ; flore fusarienne
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A study was carried out on the transmission to progeny tubers of 6 species r varieties ofFusarium, F. solani var.coeruleum (F.s. coer.), F. roseum var.sambucinum (F.r. samb.), F. roseum var.arthrosporioides (F.r. arth.), F. roseum var.graminearum (F.r. gram.), F. roseum var.culmorum (F.r. culm.), andF. roseum type X (F.r. X). The relative role of the seed tuber, soil and of the growing plant was re-examined in depth. More than 50% ofFusarium isolates from the soil wereF.s. coer. and it was the most common of the different potatoFusarium present (Fig. 1).F.r. X, F.r. culm, F.r. samb., F.r. gram. andF.r. arth. made up 15, 12, 8, 7 and 3%, respectively, of theFusarium soil flora. Soil and progeny tuber contamination increased when contaminated seed was planted (Table 1). In contrast to otherFusarium, disease caused byF.s. coer. andF.r. samb. spread more easily. Moreover, a close relationship was found in the case ofF.s. coer. between soil contamination level and that of the progeny tubers but was apparently absent in the case ofF.r. samb. Seed tubers lightly contaminated withF.s. coer. andF.r. samb. transmitted the pathogen, especially if they had been wounded, not only to the progeny tubers but also, particularly in the case ofF.s. coer. to the soil (Fig. 2). With allFusarium, soil contamination level and/or that of progeny tubers increased during the growing season and consequently the risks of contamination increased with late harvesting (Table 2). Soil infestation by any one of theFusarium species or varieties resulted in an increase in progeny tuber contamination, and soil contamination level also tended to increase after haulm destruction (Table 3). Moreover, even low levels of soil infestation could result into progeny tuber contamination (Fig. 3). The plant could affect transmission in two ways. First,F. roseum varieties colonized and grew in the growing plant (Table 4). Microbiological isolations made from underground and aerial parts showed that the relative number of these fungi increased after haulm death.F.s. coer. apparently failed to colonize the plants and remained soil-born. In addition to theseFusarium, F. oxysporum was frequently isolated and in some cases the only species present in the plant. Finally,Colletotrichum coccodes andRhizoctonia solani were also frequently isolated (Table 5). Second, growth of the soil-born pathogens was favoured near the underground parts of the plant (Table 6). This rhizosphere effect was particularly evident withF.s. coer. andF.r. culm. These results suggested that 4 stages were involved in the contamination of progeny tubers as is discussed in the Conclusion (Fig. 4).
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Übertragung von 6 Arten oder Sorten desFusarium, F. solani var.coeruleum (F.s. coer.), F. roseum var.sambucinum (F.r. samb.), F. roseum var.arthrosporioides (F.r. arth.), F. roseum var.graminearum (F.r. gram.), F. roseum var.culmorum (F.r. culm.), undF. roseum Typ X (F.r. X.) untersucht. Die betreffenden Rollen der Saatknollen, des Bodens und der sich in Vegetation befindenten Pflanze werden vertieft untersucht. F.s. coer. macht, unter den verschiedenen Fusarium der Kartoffel, die im Boden am häufigsten vorkommende Art aus, stellt sich doch mehr als 50% der abgesonderten Stämme (Abb. 1).F.r.X, F.r. culm., F.r. samb., F.r. gram. undF.r. arth. beteiligen sich mit entsprechend 15, 12, 8, 7 und 3% an derFusarium-Flora. Die Pflanzung von befallenen Saatknollen zieht eine Verschlechterung des Gesundheitszustandes des Bodens und dessen der Nachkommenschaft mit sich (Tab. 1). Im Gegensatz zu den anderenFusarium überträgt sich die Krankheit sehr leicht im Fall vonF.s. coer. undF.r. samb. Im weiteren besteht eine enge Beziehung im Fall vonF.s. coer. zwischen dem Ansteckungszustandes des Bodens und der Nachkommenschaft; im Gegensatz dazu scheint eine sichtbare Abwesenheit der Verbindung zwischen diesen Werten im Falle vonF.r. samb. zu bestehen. DurchF.s. coer. undF.r. samb. wenig angesteckte Saatknollen sind geeignet den Parasiten auf die Nachkommenschaft zu übertragen, um so mehr wenn sie zuvor verletzt wurden, aber auch, vor allem im Fall vonF.s. coer., auf den Boden (Abb. 2). Schlussendlich ist für alleFusarium gültig, dass der Ansteckungszustand des Bodens und (oder) der Nachkommenschaft im Verlauf der Anbauperiode zunimmt, was öfters bei späten Ernten das Ansteckungsrisiko erhöht (Tab. 2). Die Verseuchung des Bodens durch jede Art oder Sorte vonFusarium zieht eine Verschlechterung des Gesundheitszustandes der Nachkommenschaft mit sich und die Ansteckung des Bodens neigt dazu nach der Krautabtötung zuzunehmen (Tab. 3). Auch ist ein schwacher Verseuchungszustand des Bodens dazu geeignet, eine Ansteckung der Nachkommenschaft hervorzurufen (Abb. 3). Die Pflanze beeinflusst die Übertragung auf 2 Ebenen: - Einerseits stellt sie einen Träger fürF. roseum dar, welcher sie im Verlauf der Vegetation kolonisiert und sich auf ihr vermehrt (Tab. 4). Mikrobiologische Absonderungen, welche auf den unter- und den überirdischen Teilen der Pflanze verwirklicht wurden, haben gezeigt, dass die relative Anzahl dieser Arten nach der Krautabtötung zunimmt.F.s. coer. scheint nicht die Pflanzen zu kolonisieren und bleibt völlig mit dem Boden verbunden. Im weiteren dieserFusarium wirdF. oxysporum häufig abgesondert und kann, in gewissen Fällen, die einzige, auf der Pflanze vorkommende, Art darstellen. Häufig werden auchColletotrichum undRhizoctonia abgesondert (Tab. 5). - Anderseits trägt sie dazu bei, das in nächster Nähe der unterirdischen Pflanzenteile im Boden vorkommenden Infektionsmaterial anzuregen (Tab. 6). Diese in der Rhizosphäre bedingte Wirkung ist besonders wichtig beiF.s. coer. undF.r. culm. Schlussendlich zeigen uns die Resultate 4 Abschnitte in der Ansteckung der Nachkommenschaft auf, sie werden in der Schlussfolgerung genauer erörtert (Abb. 4).
    Notes: Résumé Les rôles du tubercule de semence, du sol et de la plante en végétation, dans la transmíssion à la descendance de 6 espèces ou variétés deFusarium sont étudiés.F. solani var.coeruleum constitue l'espèce la plus fréquemment isolée du sol. La plantation de tubercules de semence contaminés entraîne pour tous lesFusarium, à la fois, la détérioration de l'état sanitaire du sol et celle de la descendance. Celle-ci est plus importante dans le cas de récoltes tardives. De même l'infestation du sol entraîne la détérioration de l'état sanitaire de la descendance. La plante contribue à stimuler, à proximité immédiate des parties souterraines, l'inoculum présent dans le sol. De plus, elle constitue un support auxF. roseum qui la colonisent en cours de végétation et s'y multiplient. Il est discuté dans la conclusion des différentes étapes intervenant dans la transmission desFusarium à la descendance.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Potentiel infectieux ; piégeage ; Fusarium ; sol ; variation ; indice de gravité ; variété de pomme de terre
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is feasible to determine the infection potential of soils infected with the 5 species or varieties ofFusarium, the causal agents of dry rot of potato in France;F. roseum var.sambucinum, F. solani var.coeruleum, F. roseum var.arthrosporioides, F. roseum var.culmorum andF. roseum var.graminearum. Spreading 100 mg of dried and sieved soil taken near the underground parts of a potato plant on tuber slices allows the selective growth and detection of the pathogens provided certain conditions pertaining to the pathogens or to the tuber baits are satisfied: -An incubation temperature of 15°C is favourable for baiting all the pathogens concerned (Fig. 2). -A better estimate of the soil infection potential is obtained by spreading all the soil fraction with particle size of 〈1 mm than by spreading only part of that fraction (Table 1). -Baiting ofF. roseum var.culmorum andF. roseum var.graminearum is favoured when physiologically old half tubers are used (Fig. 3). -Of 9 cultivars tested for baiting, only cvs Rosa, Bintje and Apollo allow the satisfactory detection of the 5 species or varieties ofFusarium (Table 2). Finally, the risks of disease development in tubers during storage are better understood when the interactions found during baiting between the pathogens and the microflora (Fig. 4) or between the pathogens themselves (Table 3) are taken into account.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmung des Infektionspotential der Böden, infiziert mit den 5Fusarium-Arten oder Sorten:F. roseum var.sambucinum, F. solani var.coeruleum. F. roseum var.arthrosporioides, F. roseum var.culmorum undF. roseum var.graminearum, welche die Trockenfäule der Kartoffel in Frankreich verursachen, wurde durchgeführt. Die Ausbreitung von 100 mg gesiebter und getrockneter Erde, welche die unterirdischen Organe der Kartoffelpflanzen umgibt, auf Knollenhälften ermöglicht die Entwicklung der gesuchten Parasiten. Diese Methode bedingt jedoch, dass eine gewisse Anzahl Voraussetzungen, welche den Parasiten oder der Fangpflanze spezifisch sind, berücksichtigt werden. -Eine Inkubationstemperatur von 15°C erkeichtert den Fang aller gesuchten Parasiten (Abb. 2). -Die Ausbreitung aller Erdteilchen kleiner als 1 mm, ermöglicht es besser das Infektionspotential zu bestimmen, als die Ausbreitung nur einzelner Fraktionen (Tab. 1). -Der Fang vonF. roseum var.culmorum undF. roseum var.graminearum wird erleichtert durch physiologisch alte Knollenhälften (Abb. 3). -Von den 9 untersuchten Kartoffelsorten eignen sich die Rosa, Bintje und Appolo für den Fang der 5Fusarium-Arten oder Sorten (Tab. 2). Die Berücksichtigung der Interaktionen zwischen Parasiten und Microflora (Abb. 4), oder zwischen den eigentlichen Parasiten (Tab. 3) beim Fang ermöglicht die Bestimmung des Knollenbefallrisikos während der Lagerung.
    Notes: Résumé Le potentiel infectieux du sol infesté par lesFusarium agents de la pourriture sèche des tubercules est apprécié grâce à une méthode de piégeage par des semi-tubercules sains de pomme de terre. Lors de la mesure du potentiel infectieux, des facteurs inhérants aux parasites recherchés (température d'incubation, répartition des parasites dans le sol) et aux tubercules-pièges (âge physiologique et nature du cultivar) sont susceptibles de modifier considérablement la valeur de l'Indice de gravité. De même, les interactions, lors du piégeage, entre les parasites et la microflore ou entre les parasites eux-mêmes sont un facteur supplémentaire de variation. Cette méthode permet de rendre compte, au niveau du sol, d'un phénomène écologique global et d'apprécier un risque pour les tubercules lors de leur conservation.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 34 (1991), S. 468-471 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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