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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wittgenstein (1991)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 353 (1991), S. 598-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - J. R. Smythies has tried1 to resolve the long discussion of Wittgenstein's merits by diagnosing him as insane. In particular, he mentions paranoia, schizoid personality disorder and schizophrenia and also cites some reported life events and the "schizophrenese" speech disorder, for which ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/353598d0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo 123I IBZM SPECT imaging of striatal dopamine-2 receptor occupancy in schizophrenic patients treated with olanzapine in comparison to clozapine and haloperidol (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 141 (1999), S. 175-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Olanzapine ; Dopamine D2 receptor ; 123I IBZM ; SPECT ; Atypical antipsychotic drug
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the degree of striatal dopamine-2 (D2) receptor occupancy in six schizophrenic patients receiving clinically effective antipsychotic treatment with olanzapine 10–25 mg/day in comparison to patients treated with clozapine 300–600 mg/day (n = 6) or haloperidol 5–20 mg/day (n = 10). 123I Iodobenzamide (IBZM) and single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) were used for the visualization of striatal D2 receptors. For the quantification of striatal D2 receptor occupancy, striatal IBZM binding in patients treated with antipsychotics was compared to that in untreated healthy controls (n = 8) reported earlier. Olanzapine led to a mean striatal D2 receptor occupancy rate of 75% (range 63–85). Haloperidol-treated patients showed dose-dependently (Pearson r = 0.64; P 〈 0.05) a significantly higher (P 〈 0.05) mean occupancy rate of 84% (range 67–94). During clozapine treatment, the mean D2 receptor occupancy of 33% (range 〈 20–49) was significantly lower than with olanzapine (P 〈 0.005). The higher striatal D2 receptor occupancy of haloperidol was correlated with the incidence and severity of extrapyramidal motor side-effects (EPS). No clinical relevant EPS occurred during treatment with olanzapine or clozapine. There was no correlation between the degree of striatal D2 receptor occupancy and clinical improvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050822
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dopamine- and serotonin-receptors in schizophrenia: results of imaging-studies and implications for pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia (1999)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 249 (1999), S. S83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Key words Antipsychotic drugs ; Dopamine D2 ; receptor occupancy ; Serotonin (5-HT2A) receptor ; occupancy ; Brain-imaging ; Schizophrenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Considerable progress has been achieved over the past 15 years in uncovering the biological basis of major psychiatric disorders. Since psychopharmacological treatment is thought to act on the underlying biological basis of the disease, brain imaging techniques enable us to understand the mechanism of action of such compounds. Positron emission tomography (PET) as well as single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) are important tools used to determine patterns of brain dysfunction and to uncover the mechanism of action for antipsychotic compounds. These techniques allow us to determine striatal D2 receptor as well as cortical 5-HT2A receptor occupancy rates which are linked, at least partly, to clinical efficacy as well as side effect rates. In general it has been shown that atypical antipsychotics have a lower striatal D2 receptor occupancy rate than typical antipsychotics, parallelling the more favorable extrapyramidal side effects of atypical antipsychotics, and as a group effect they have a high 5-HT2A occupancy compared to low rates for typical agents. However, there is no association between striatal D2 receptor occupancy rates and antipsychotic efficacy but 5-HT2A occupancy rates are associated with favorable treatment for depressive symptoms within schizophrenia and improvement of cognitive function. The availability of ligands for measurement of extrastriatal D2 receptors or different 5-HT receptors (e.g. 5-HT1A) will further shed light on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia as well as possible psychopharmacological treatment perspectives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00014189
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IBZM SPECT imaging of striatal dopamine-2 receptors in psychotic patients treated with the novel antipsychotic substance quetiapine in comparison to clozapine and haloperidol (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 133 (1997), S. 323-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Neuroleptics ; Atypical antipsychotics ; Dopamine-2 receptors ; Quetiapine ; IBZM ; SPECT ; Schizophrenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the striatal dopamine-2 (D2) receptor occupancy caused by different antipsychotic substances in 18 psychotic patients (16 with schizophrenic and two with schizoaffective disorder according to DSM-IV) with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using 123I-iodobenzamide (IBZM) as tracer substance. Four patients were treated with the novel antipsychotic compound quetiapine (300–700 mg/day), six with clozapine (300–600 mg/ day) and eight with haloperidol (10–20 mg/day). They were compared with eight healthy controls. Measurement of S/F ratios and consecutive calculation of D2 receptor occupancy revealed a significantly lower striatal D2 occupancy rate with quetiapine and clozapine in comparison to haloperidol. In correspondence with the low striatal D2 receptor occupancy rates and again in contrast to the haloperidol treatment group, there were no extrapyramidal motor side-effects (EPS) in the quetiapine and clozapine treatment groups. Therefore, the reported data support the position that quetiapine can be considered to be an atypical antipsychotic substance due to its relatively weak striatal D2 receptor blocking property and therefore its low propensity to induce EPS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050409
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sertindole and dopamine D2 receptor occupancy in comparison to risperidone, clozapine and haloperidol – a 123I-IBZM SPECT study (1998)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 136 (1998), S. 367-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Sertindole ; Clozapine ; Haloperidol ; Risperidone ; Dopamine D2 receptor ; Single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) ; Atypical antipsychotic drug (neuroleptic)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The striatal D2 dopamine binding was studied in schizophrenic patients treated with the novel atypical antipsychotic drug sertindole (n = 10). Comparisons were obtained with haloperidol (n = 8), clozapine (n = 6), risperidone (n = 11) and untreated healthy controls (n = 8) of a dataset which has partly been reported previously. 123I-Iodobenzamide (IBZM) single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) was used for estimation of striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding. Sertindole-treated patients exhibited significantly (P 〈 0.001) lower levels of striatal D2 binding (BG/FC ratio:1.28) compared with those treated with haloperidol (BG/FC ratio:1.09) and risperidone (8 mg:1.18) but significantly (P 〈 0.005) higher levels compared with clozapine (BG/FC ratio:1.49). However, if patients were pretreated with a depot neuroleptic, significantly (P 〈 0.05) higher striatal D2 binding (BG/FC ratio:1.12) has been obtained. Since sertindole has been shown to exert distinct clinical efficacy for treatment of positive and negative symptoms, our data are indicative that antipsychotic efficacy is not associated with a high degree of striatal D2 receptor occupancy in schizophrenic patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050579
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