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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complexes of metals other than platinum as antitumour agents (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 47 (1994), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Antitumour agents ; Gallium trinitrate ; Spirogermanium ; Budotitane ; Titanocene dichloride ; metal compounds ; non-platinum-metal complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The earliest reports on the therapeutic use of metals or metal-containing compounds in cancer and leukemia date from the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. They were forgotten until the 1960s, when the antitumour activity of the inorganic complex cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin) was discovered. This led to the development of other types of non-organic cytostatic drugs. Cisplatin has developed into one of the most frequently used and most effective cytostatic drugs for the treatment of solid carcinomas. Numerous other metal compounds containing platinum, other platinum metals, and even non-platinum metals were then shown to be effective against tumours in man and experimental tumours in animals. These compounds comprise main-group metallic compounds of gallium, germanium, tin, and bismuth, early-transition metal complexes of titanium, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, and rhenium, and late-transition metal complexes of ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, platinum, copper, and gold. Several platinum complexes and four non-platinum-metal antitumour agents have so far entered early clinical trials. Gallium trinitrate and spirogermanium have already passed phase II clinical studies and have shown limited cytostatic activity against certain human carcinomas and lymphomas. The two early-transition metal complexes budotitane and titanocene dichloride have just reached the end of phase I clinical trials and have been found to have an unusual pattern of organ toxicity in man. Titanocene dichloride will soon enter phase II clinical studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193472
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ionic titanocene complexes: a new type of antitumor agent (1989)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 24 (1989), S. 23-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five ionic cyclopentadienyltitanium(IV) derivatives were investigated for their activity against fluid Ehrlich ascites tumor. Four compounds were built up by the intact bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(IV) (“titanocene”) unit, forming the cationic moiety together with two covalently bound ligands, with certain anions being bonded via electrostatic forces: the acetonitrile complex [(C5H5)2TiCl(NCCH3)]+[FeCl4]- (I), the 2,2′-bipyridyl derivative [(C5H5)2Ti(bipy)]2+[CF3SO3]2 (II), the o-phenanthroline complex [(C5H5)2Ti(phen)]2+[CF3SO3]2 (III), and the N-methyl-o-aminothiophenolate derivative {(C5H5)2Ti[o-S(NHCH3)C6H4]}+I- (IV). Another ionic cyclopentadienyltitanium derivative investigated was the five-coordinate bis(dithiolene) chelate [(C5H5)Ti(1,2,4-S2C6H3CH3)2]-[N(C2H5)4]+ (V), the cyclopentadienyltitanium moiety representing the anionic part of the complex salt. All complexes were ionic, salt-like compounds, distinguished by good water solubility. Whereas complexes I, III, and V, given at optimal dose levels, effected maximal cure rates of only 70%–80%, all animals were cured after receiving complexes II and IV at dose ranges of 200–220 and 240–300 mg/kg, respectively. The antitumor activity of complex I was confirmed against solid experimental tumor systems B16 melanoma, colon 38 carcinoma, and Lewis lung carcinosarcoma. Because of their improved solubility in water and pronounced antitumor activity (especially that of II and IV against fluid Ehrlich ascites tumor), ionic cyclopentadienyl titanium complexes are considered to be an interesting new type of antitumor agent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254100
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antitumor activity of treosulfan against human breast carcinomas (1992)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 31 (1992), S. 103-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Treosulfan (l-threitol-1,4-bismethanesulfonate, Ovastat) is a bifunctional alkylating agent that shows a formal structural similarity to busulfan and is applied clinically to patients suffering from ovarian cancer. The present study demonstrated the pronounced antitumor activity of this drug against three of five human breast carcinomas xenografted to athymic mice. It was shown that treosulfan is capable of inducing irreversible and complete remission of the heterotransplanted human breast carcinomas MDA-MB-436 and MX-1 within 14 days after drug application and of effecting growth inhibition by more than 90% in the MDA-MB-435S xenograft. In all three carcinomas, treosulfan caused more pronounced growth reduction than did equitoxic doses of the alkylator cyclophosphamide. Adriamycin, an intercalating cytostatic agent that is an important component of clinical nonhormonal chemotherapy of breast carcinomas, induced only partial remission of these three xenografts and inhibited the tumor growth by 80%–90% (MDA-MB-436, MX-1) and by 70%–80% (MDA-MB-435S), respectively. In the M 3 xenograft, treosulfan just led to a retardation and stagnation of tumor growth; it was again more effective than Adriamycin but was clearly less active than cyclophosphamide. The FM 2 breast carcinoma, finally, was the only xenograft whose growth was not influenced by treosulfan at doses up to that which was lethal to 50% of the treated mice (LD50 value). These results confirm that treosulfan is effective against human breast carcinomas. Because of this activity as well as the known low toxicity and good clinical compatibility of treosulfan, it should be considered for introduction into nonendocrine chemotherapeutic reginens against human breast carcinomas and investigation in clinical trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00685095
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ionic rhenocene derivatives with antitumor activity (1992)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 29 (1992), S. 361-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antitumor activity of the three air-stable bis(cyclopentadienyl)rhenium derivatives [(C5H5)2ReCL2]+Cl−,[(C5H5)2ReCl2]+[AsF6]−, and [(C5H5)2ReCl2]+[SbF6]− was tested against Ehrlich ascites tumor in female CF1 mice. All three compounds contain the group-7 transition metal rhenium in the +5 oxidation state as their central metal atom. They are ionic, salt-like complexes that are composed of the cationic [(C5H5)2ReCl2]+ moiety and one of the negatively charged counterions Cl−, AsF6 −, or SbF6 −. Both the chloro and the hexafluoroarsenate complexes induced a maximal cure rate of 100% when given either in a dose range of 120–160 mg/kg (rhenocene trichloride) or at a single dose of 180 mg/kg (hexafluoroarsenate derivative). The hexafluoroantimonate complex effected a maximal cure rate of only 50% at 60 mg/kg. For the two former compounds, the values for the therapeutic index (Tl) amounted to 1.7 and 2.1, respectively. No impairment of the general condition or pathologic symptoms in the viscera could be detected by observation of the animals during the days following treatment with therapeutic doses or by autopsy of the surviving animals on the key data (day 90). The rhenocene derivatives investigated in the present study represent a new class of antitumor metallocene compounds as well as the first rhenium(V) complexes exerting cytostatic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686004
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antitumor activity of treosulfan in human lung carcinomas (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 37 (1995), S. 211-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Treosulfan ; Alkylating agent ; Antitumor activity ; Small-cell lung carcinomas ; Non-small-cell lung carcinomas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Treosulfan (l-threitol 1,4-bismethanesulfonate, Ovastat) is an alkylating agent and a structural analogue of busulfan. It has been established in the clinical chemotherapy of human ovarian carcinomas for several years and has additionally been shown to be effective against xenografted human breast carcinomas. No other human carcinoma is yet known to be sensitive to treosulfan. The present study confirms the pronounced and significant antitumor activity of treosulfan against heterotransplanted human lung carcinomas of both the small-cell and the non-small-cell type. Treosulfan reduced the growth of all four small-cell lung carcinomas that were investigated in a significant manner. It was even more active than equitoxic doses of the clinically approved cytostatics ifosfamide, cisplatin, and etoposide toward three of them and induced long-lasting growth reductions (60–98% of control tumor size) corresponding to partial and nearly complete remissions. In the case of the nine non-small-cell lung carcinomas investigated, treosulfan effected significant growth inhibition of more than 50%, again in all of them, and was more active than the comparative compounds ifosfamide, mitomycin C, and cisplatin at least in one of four epidermoid lung carcinomas, one large-cell carcinoma, and one of three lung adenocarcinomas. These results are remarkable and unexpected, and the present study should be followed rapidly by phase II clinical trials of treosulfan against human lung carcinomas of both the small-cell and the non-small-cell type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688319
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of cisplatin on cell-cycle progression in xenografted human head and neck carcinomas (1991)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 27 (1991), S. 464-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The scope of the present study was to examine whether the cytokinetic phenomena occurring in human tumors under the influence of cisplatin correlate with the response of the tumors to therapy with the drug. Therefore, three strains of heterotransplanted human head and neck carcinomas showing different degrees of sensitivity to cisplatin were investigated by flow cytometry at various intervals after a single administration of cisplatin at four different dose levels (3, 6, 9 or 12 mg/kg). Three types of cell-cycle alterations were observed that depended on the dose of cisplatin and the degree of drug sensitivity shown by the tumors investigated. The obviously weakest kind of tumor reaction was a delay in the G2 cell phase. This phenomenon also occurred in the case of non-responsiveness to therapy, whereby the growth, histological structure and mitotic activity of the tumors remained nearly unaltered after cisplatin treatment. Wich increasing cytotoxicity, additional accumulations of cells in the S phase and, finally, long-lasting blocks at the G1/S boundary were found. The latter phenomenon, which manifested at high dose levels used in sensitive tumors, was obviously irreversible, as it did not completely disappear until the tumor cells had died and been removed by immigrating macrophages. It was always accompanied by severe histological destruction, tumor cell necrotization, and marked depression of the mitotic index. Thus, the hindrance of cell traversal through the S phase obviously represents the main and significant cytokinetic event, which indicates a potent antitumor effect for cisplatin that leads to pronounced tumor regression. This finding supports the hypothesis that inhibition of DNA synthesis is the mechanism underlying the cytotoxicity of cisplatin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00685161
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tumor inhibition by titanocene complexes: influence on xenografted human adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract (1989)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 23 (1989), S. 225-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study deals with the influence of some bis(η5-cyclopentadienly)titanium(IV) (titanocene) complexes, mainly represented by titanocene dichloride, on the development of several human gastrointestinal (GI) carcinomas (one stomach, seven colon, four sigmoid, and two rectal adenocarcinomas), all xenografted to athymic mice. In 10 of these 14 carcinomas, titanocene dichloride effected growth suppression of 〉50% in comparison with control tumors. In the case of the stomach and two colon adenocarcinomas, absolute decreases in tumor volume occurred during and after the treatment period, resulting in growth delays of 6, 14, and 31 days, respectively. No sensitivity dependence was observed in the degree of tumor differentiation. The findings of the present study confirm the tumor-inhibiting activity of titanocene complexes against human GI adenocarcinomas. These results are noteworthy in view of previous clinical and experimental experience indicating that human adenocarcinomas of the stomach and colon are generally rather insensitive to common cytostatic agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00451646
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tumorhemmung durch Metallocene: Wirkung von Titanocen-, Zirconocen- und Hafnocen-dichlorid gegenüber Ehrlich-Aszites-Tumor der Maus (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 96 (1980), S. 43-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Titanocene dichloride ; Zirconocene dichloride ; Hafnocene dichloride ; Antitumor activity ; Ehrlich ascites tumor ; Titanocen-dichlorid ; Zirconocen-dichlorid ; Hafnocen-dichlorid ; Tumorhemmende Aktivität ; Ehrlich-Aszites-Tumor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Antitumor-Aktivität der Metallocen-dichloride TDC, ZDC und HDC wird an Ehrlich-Aszites-Tumor-tragenden CF 1-Mäusen untersucht. Nach einmaliger i.p.-Injektion von TDC in optimaler Dosis (30–60 mg/kg) 24 h p.t.t. überleben 80–90% der Tiere bis zum 180. Tag p.t.t. ohne Tumormanifestation. Dies bedeutet eine Zunahme der mittleren Überlebensdauer um etwa 900% gegenüber den unbehandelten Kontrolltieren. ZDC und HDC hingegen weisen unter gleichen Versuchsbedingungen keine erkennbaren tumorhemmenden Eigenschaften auf. Nimmt man einen ähnlichen Wirkungsmechanismus für DDP und die cancerostatisch aktiven Metallocen-dichloride TDC, VDC und MDC an, so kann der deutlich größere nicht-bindende Cl... Cl-Abstand (“bite”) von ZDC und HDC mit der cancerostatischen Unwirksamkeit der letztgenannten Verbindungen in Zusammenhang gebracht werden.
    Notes: Summary The antitumor activity of the metallocene dichlorides TDC, ZDC, and HDC against Ehrlich ascites tumor in CF 1 mice is investigated. A single i.p. injection of TDC in the optimum dose (30–60 mg/kg) 24 h p.t.t. achieves survival of 80–90% of the animals until day 180 p.t.t. without any tumor manifestation. This indicates an increase in the mean survival time of about 900% referred to the untreated animals. In contrast, ZDC and HDC exhibit no recognizable antineoplastic properties under equal experimental conditions. Assuming a similar mechanism of tumor inhibition for both DDP and the antineoplastic active metallocene dichlorides TDC, VDC, and MDC, the comparatively increased non-bonding Cl... Cl distance (“bite”) of ZDC and HDC may be responsible for the cancerostatic inactivity of the latter compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00412896
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tumor inhibition by metallocenes: Antitumor activity of titanocene dihalides (C5H5)2TiX2 (X=F, Cl, Br, I, NCS) and their application in buffered solutions as a method for suppressing drug-induced side effects (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 97 (1980), S. 31-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Titanocen-dihalogenide ; Tumorhemmende Aktivität ; Ehrlich-Aszites-Tumor ; Unterdrückung von Nebenwirkungen ; Titanocene dihalides ; Antitumor activity ; Ehrlich ascites tumor ; Suppression of side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The antitumor activity of titanocene dihalides (C5H5)2TiX2 with X=F, Cl, Br, I, NCS is investigated against Ehrlich ascites tumor in CF 1 mice. Varying doses of the compounds are applied as single i.p. injections 24 h pt.t. both in non-buffered (pH 1.4–3.9) and buffered (pH 4.2–5.9) solutions or suspensions, all of the substances achieving in optimum doses cure rates of 100% on day 120 p.t.t. This corresponds to I.L.S. values of 600–750% referred to the untreated controls. Some drug-induced side effects, especially the appearance of postperiotonitic symptoms several weeks after i.p. application of higher doses of titanocene dihalides, are strikingly reduced by pH elevation in the injected drug solutions.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die tumorhemmende Wirksamkeit von Titanocen-dihalogeniden (C5H5)2TiX2 mit X=F, Cl, Br, J, NCS wird an Ehrlich-Aszites-Tumor-tragenden CF 1-Mäusen untersucht. Verschiedene Dosen der Substanzen werden 24 h p.t.t. als einmalige i.p.-Injektionen sowohl in ungepufferten (pH 1.4–3.9) als auch in gepufferten (pH 4.2–5.9) Lösungen bzw. Suspensionen appliziert. Mit allen Verbindungen werden in optimaler Dosis Heilungsraten von 100% am 120. Tag p.t.t. erreicht. Dies entspricht Verlängerungen der mittleren Überlebensdauer (I.L.S.-Werte) um 600–750% gegenüber den unbehandelten Kontrolltieren. Einige substanzbedingte Nebenwirkungen, insbesondere das Auftreten postperitonitischer Symptome mehrere Wochen nach i.p.-Applikation höherer Dosen der Titanocen-dihalogenide, werden durch pH-Erhöhung in den Injektionslösungen deutlich zurückgedrängt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00411276
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytokinetic behavior of Ehrlich ascites tumor after in vivo treatment with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) and metallocene dichlorides (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 102 (1981), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum(II) ; Titanocene dichloride ; Vanadocene dichloride ; Ehrlich ascites tumor ; Pulse-cytophotometry ; cis-Diammindichloroplatin(II) ; Titanocen-dichlorid ; Vanadocen-dichlorid ; Ehrlich-Aszites-Tumor ; Impulscytophotometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gegenstand der Untersuchungen ist der Einfluß einer in-vivo-Behandlung mit optimal tumorhemmenden Dosen von cis-Diammindichloroplatin(II) (DDP), Titanocen-dichlorid (TDC) und Vanadocen-dichlorid (VDC) auf das impulscytophotometrisch bestimmte DNA-Verteilungsmuster und die Mitoseaktivität von EAT-Zellen. Während DDP eine sofortige und langandauernde Unterdrückung der Zellteilungen, jedoch keine Veränderung des zellkinetischen Verhaltens von EAT-Zellen bewirkt, verursacht TDC die Ausbildung eines deutlichen,: 10–12 h nach Behandlung maximalen G2-Blocks. Im Falle von DDP und TDC werden die Tumorzellen einige Tage nach Behandlung durch Zellen des wirtstiereigenen Abwehrsystems beseitig. VDC hingegen ruft die Entstehung teilsynchroner Wellen nach einer vorübergehenden Mitosehemmung und einer reversiblen Zellakkumulation in der späten S-und der G2-Phase hervor. Darüber hinaus werden 5–16% der Zellen nach VDC-Behandlung polyploid.
    Notes: Summary The influence of an in vivo treatment with optimally tumor-inhibiting doses of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (DDP), titanocene dichloride (TDC), and vanadocene dichloride (VDC) on the DNA distribution pattern, determined by pulse-cytophotometry, and on the, mitotic activity of EAT cells is investigated. Whereas DDP causes an immediate and, long-lasting decrease of mitoses but no disturbances of the EAT cell kinetics, a marked G2 block with a maximum at 10–12 h a. t. and an irreversible and extensive mitotic depression is evoked by TDC. In the case of DDP and TDC, the tumor cells are removed several days a. t. by cells belonging to the defensive system of the host animals. In contrast, VDC induces partially synchronized waves after a transient suppression of mitoses and reversible cell accumulation in the late S and in the G2 phases. Additionally, 5–16% of the cells become polyploid after VDC treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00410531
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