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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurons of the rat preoptic area and the raphe pallidus nucleus innervating the brown adipose tissue express the prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP3 (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 18 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The major effector organ for thermogenesis during inflammation or experimental pyrogen-induced fever in rodents is the brown adipose tissue (BAT). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) microinjection into the medial preoptic area (POA) of rats leads to hyperthermia through an increase in BAT thermogenesis and induces pyrogenic signal transmission towards the raphe pallidus nucleus (RPa), a brainstem nucleus known to contain sympathetic premotor neurons for BAT control. The medial POA has a high expression of prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP3 (EP3R) on POA neurons, suggesting that these EP3R are main central targets of PGE2 to mediate BAT thermogenesis. To reveal central command neurons that contain EP3R and polysynaptically project to the BAT, we combined EP3R immunohistochemistry with the detection of transneuronally labelled neurons that were infected after injection of pseudorabies virus into the BAT. Neurons double-labelled with EP3R and viral surface antigens were particularly numerous in two brain regions, the medial POA and the RPa. Of all medial POA neurons that became virally infected 71 h after BAT inoculation, about 40% expressed the EP3R. This subpopulation of POA neurons is the origin of a complete neuronal chain that connects potential PGE2-sensitive POA neurons with the BAT. As for the efferent pathway of pyrogenic signal transmission, we hypothesize that neurons of this subpopulation of EP3R expressing POA neurons convey their pyrogenic signals towards the BAT via the RPa. We additionally observed that two-thirds of those RPa neurons that polysynaptically project to the interscapular BAT also expressed the EP3R, suggesting that RPa neurons themselves might possess prostaglandin sensitivity that is able to modulate BAT thermogenesis under febrile conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02919.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of peripheral chemo- and baro-receptor denervation on responses of preoptic thermosensitive neurons to inspired CO2 (1989)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 414 (1989), S. 495-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Peripheral chemo- and baro-receptors ; Carbon dioxide ; Preoptic area ; Thermosensitive neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to see if the responses of thermosensitive neurons in the preoptic (PO) area to inspired CO2 seen in spontaneously ventilated rats were indirectly driven by reflexive changes in respiration and circulation. In urethanized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated (AV) rats, the effects of 10% CO2 inhalation on PO thermosensitive neurons were examined by regression of neuronal activity on PO temperature. The experiments were made in intact rats and in rats whose peripheral chemo- and baro-receptors were denervated (AVD). In both AV and AVD rats, the slope of the regression line decreased significantly (P〈0.05) during CO2 inhalation in half of the warmsensitive neurons studied (64.3% in AV rats, 41.7% in AVD rats). Peripheral chemo- and baro-receptors thus do not appear to be responsible for decreased thermosensitivities of warm-sensitive neurons during CO2 inhalation. The tendency for activities of warm-sensitive neurons to increase progressively at lowerT po was seen during CO2 inhalation in both AV and AVD rat. However, the average differences in mean firing rate between 10% CO2 and air inhalations were 2–3 imp/s greater at anyT po in AV rats than in AVD rats. In AVD rats, warm-sensitive neurons were rather inhibited by CO2 at higherT po. Excitation of warm-sensitive neurons during CO2 inhalation in AV rats, which was independent ofT po, was considered to be caused by the signals from peripheral receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00580983
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activation of central warm-sensitive neurons and the tail vasomotor response in rats during brain and scrotal thermal stimulation (1984)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 400 (1984), S. 222-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Warm-sensitive neuron ; Preoptic and hypothalamic area ; Scrotum ; Tail vasodilation ; Thermoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of preoptic and hypothalamic thermal stimulation on tail skin temperature were observed at different scrotal temperatures. The threshold hypothalamic temperature for tail vasodilation at a scrotal temperature of 40°C was significantly lower than that at a scrotal temperature of either 25°C or 33°C. The effects of scrotal thermal stimulation on tail skin vasodilated by higher hypothalamic temperatures were observed. Cooling the scrotum from 42 to 30°C invariably caused a rapid fall in tail temperature, whereas scrotal cooling from 30 to 25°C did not cause any significant change. Cooling of either the left or right half of the scrotum caused a similar fall in tail temperature. The temperature characteristics of the preoptic hypothalamic thermo-sensitive neurons were determined at scrotal temperatures of 32, 36 and 26°C. The firing rate of warm-sensitive neurons at a given hypothalamic temperature was highest at a scrotal temperature of 36°C, while that of cold-sensitive neurons was lowest at that temperature. The scrotal temperature range over which the number of neurons activated by scrotal warming increased rapidly was between 36 and 39°C when hypothalamic temperature was held at 36–37°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00581551
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermally induced salivary secretion in anesthetized rats (1986)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 406 (1986), S. 351-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Salivary secretion ; Hyperthermia ; Scrotal temperature ; Abdominal temperature ; Facial temperature ; Hypothalamic temperature ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Effect of thermal stimulation on salivary secretion was examined in urethane anesthetized (i.p., 1.0 g/kg) rats. First, rectal temperature (T re) was maintained at various levels by warming the whole trunk with a heating blanket. Copious salivary secretion occurred whenT re reached a threshold value above 40°C, which is considerably higher than the threshold for tail vasodilation. Local warming of the scrotum, face, or hypothalamus also elicited salivary secretion, but only ifT re was in a limited range just below the threshold temperature at whichT re alone would induce salivary secretion. The higher theT re within that limited range, the lower the temperature of the site locally warmed at which salivary secretion began. Changes in temperature of the abdomen, not including the scrotum, modulated the salivary secretion elicited by scrotal warming. Hypothalamic and scrotal temperatures interacted with each other to affect salivary secretion. Temperature signals from both core and periphery thus appear to be integrated in bringing about salivary secretion. Thermally induced salivary secretion may function as a basis for saliva spreading behavior observed in rats in a hot environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00590935
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic response of preoptic and hypothalamic neurons to scrotal thermal stimulation in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 396 (1983), S. 23-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Preoptic area ; Hypothalamus ; Temperature-sensitive neuron ; Scrotal temperature ; Dynamic response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Activities of preoptic and anterior hypothalamic (POAH) neurons were recorded in anesthetized rats in response to serotal thermal stimulation. Thirteen out of 54 neurons responsive to changes of scrotal temperature (T ser) showed dynamic responses. Four of these neurons increased and 3 neurons decreased their firing rates responding dynamically to warming but not to cooling. Six other neurons were inhibited by scrotal cooling only. These dynamic responses were produced even by temperature changes as slow as 2 C/min and only when the scrotum was warmed or cooled in theT ser range above 35° C. These dynamic responses are suggested to be a result of signal processing in supraspinal structures including POAH itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00584693
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Threshold temperatures of diencephalic neurons responding to scrotal warming (1984)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 400 (1984), S. 418-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Temperature-responsive neuron ; Hypothalamus ; Thalamus ; Scrotal temperature ; Threshold temperature ; Electroencephalogram (EEG)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neurons in the rat's thalamus and hypothalamus abruptly change their firing rates from minimum to maximum, or vice versa, with increase in scrotal temperature of 1°C or less (“switching response”). The threshold temperature of the switching response was compared in pairs of neurons simultaneously recorded from the right and left thalamus or from the right thalamus and the left hypothalamus. In dynamic conditions in which scrotal skin was gradually warmed at rates of 1–7°C/min, the threshold temperatures of each neuron pair differed by only 0.4°C or less. The threshold temperatures of static responses of each pair of neurons, which was determined with step changes in scrotal temperature, fell in a range less than 0.8°C. Scrotal wariming produced desynchronization of cortical EEG which was monitored during unit recordings. The change in EEG occurred at about the same scrotal temperature at which the switching responses of the diencephalic neurons were elicited.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587543
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