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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary substitution of soy and rapeseed protein concentrates for fish meal, and their effects on growth and nutrient utilization in gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 31 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Soy and rapeseed protein concentrates (SPC and RPC) were evaluated as fish meal substitutes in gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. diets. The protein concentrates were used to replace 30%, 60% and 100% fish meal, and effects on feed intake, weight gain and feed gain ratio were determined in a 56-day growth trial. Some groups were then grown beyond 56 days, until all reached an average weight of 50 g. A comparison of body composition at 50 g showed no significant differences in protein and ash content among all fish, while lipid and energy contents were different. The 100% RPC and 60% and 100% SPC replacement diets had lower body lipid and energy contents compared with those of the control diet. Feed intake and weight gains were inversely related to inclusion levels of plant proteins. Feed intake dropped to 52–72% of that of the control treatment and weight gain to 46–61%. Energy retention followed this same trend, decreasing from ERV values of 53 to 44 with an increase in dietary plant protein content. With the exception of 100% SPC substitution (PPV = 35), protein retention among treatments was similar (PPV = 37–39). These results suggest that both SPC and RPC may be promising protein sources for inclusion in seabream diets. The relative palatability of these plant proteins could be a limiting factor in their use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.00477.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Factorial determinations of energy and protein requirements in growing Sparus aurata were carried out at 23–24°C. The energy content in the whole fish was dependent on fish weight and ranged from 5 to 11 MJ kg−1 body mass for 1–250 g fish, whereas the protein content remained constant at 179 g kg−1.During starvation the fish lost 42.5 kJ body weight (BW) (kg)−0.83 day−1 and 0.42 g protein BW (kg)−0.70 day−1. The maintenance requirement for energy was calculated to be 55.8 kJ BW (kg)−0.83 day−1 and for protein 0.86 g BW (kg)−0.70 day−1. Utilization of digestible energy and digestible crude protein below and at maintenance was determined as 0.72 and 0.51, respectively. Utilization of digestible energy and digestible crude protein for growth above maintenance was determined as 0.46 and 0.28, respectively.These values allow estimation of requirements for growing Sparus aurata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00065.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apparent digestibility coefficients of feed ingredients and their predictability in compound diets for gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L. (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture nutrition 3 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2095
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Apparent digestibility of crude protein, amino acids, lipid, carbohydrate and energy was measured for a range of feed ingredients fed to gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L. — fish meal, poultry meal, meat meal, blood meal, squid meal, extracted soyabean and wheat flour. Chromic oxide was used as a non-absorbed reference substance and faeces were collected by stripping. Diets compounded from mixtures of these ingredients were then used to examine the possibility of predicting the digestibility of formulated diets.Apparent digestibility of crude protein ranged from 79% to 90%, lipids from 83% to 95% and energy from 72% to 88% in the different ingredients. Apparent digestibility of carbohydrates was lower and ranged from 49% to 77%. Apparent digestibility of amino acids was higher than that of crude protein and differences were found among digestibilities of individual amino acids.Tests conducted using five compound diets indicated that ingredient digestibility was additive for protein, amino acids, lipids and energy, whereas the digestibility of carbohydrates in the compound feeds was slightly lower than predicted.Diets for Sparus aurata may thus be formulated on the basis of digestibility of individual ingredients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.1997.00076.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of food attractants on appetite and growth rate of gilthead bream, Sparus aurata L. (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 20 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Appetite and growth rate were measured in Sparus aurata fed ad-libitum a basal diet supplemented with either a synthetic mixture of chemicals based upon the analysis of Mylilus edulis, muscle extract, or newly hatched Artemia saline nauplii. These components were tested for their feeding attraction potency, and were added to the basal diet at three concentrations each; 5, 10 and 20 g kg-1 dry diet.Appetite, which was defined as ad-libitum food intake, was significantly affected by the type and concentration of attractant. When the basal diet was supplemented with 10 or 20 g kg-1 of the synthetic Mytilus edulis muscle extract, it was associated with significantly higher appetite than the basal diet only or the basal diet supplemented with any level of newly hatched Artemia salina nauplii. On the other hand, relative growth rate under the same conditions did not completely conform to the results with appetite. The difference between appetite and growth rate as criteria for the evaluation of food attractants is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1982.tb03977.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of dietary lecithin and lipase, as a function of age, on n-9 fatty acid incorporation in the tissue lipids of Sparus aurata larvae (1993)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 10 (1993), S. 357-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: gilthead seabream ; lecithin ; lipase ; fish larvae ; fatty acids ; digestion ; incorporation ; phospholipid ; neutral lipid ; digestive tract
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The present study tested the effect of dietary lecithin and exogenous lipase on the incorporation of oleic acid in the tissue lipids of gilthead seabream larvae (Sparus aurata). Two of four microdiets were prepared by the addition of [14C]oleic acid as free fatty acid (FFA) to diets containing either 5% cuttlefish liver oil (CLO) or 5% soybean lecithin. Glycerol tri[1-14C]oleate was similarly incorporated in two other diets identical in lipid (4% cuttlefish liver oil, 1% soybean lecithin) and non-lipid composition but differed in that one contained a supplement of 0.05% porcine lipase. The effect of these diets was tested by following the incorporation of the label (dpm/mg larvae DBW) in the neutral and phospholipid fractions of seabream larvae at four different ages (21, 27, 32 and 45 days after hatching). A significant (p〈0.05) effect of dietary lecithin on the incorporation of labelled FFA in both larval neutral and phospholipid fractions was demonstrated at all ages. This was particularly pronounced during early development (day 21) where fish fed the lecithin supplement incorporated 6.75 times more label than the diet containing [14C]oleic acid in CLO. The dietary lecithin enhancing effect diminished with age but was still significant at day 45 (2.17 times more label). In addition, the label was considerably higher in the phospholipid fraction compared to the neutral lipid, reflecting the high demand for membrane synthesis during rapid growth. Lecithin fed larvae demonstrated a higher consumption rate and efficiency of incorporation than fish consuming the cuttlefish liver oil diet, suggesting an emulsifying function for dietary phospholipid. In contrast, the supplementation with lipase showed a clear effect only in older fish where 45 day old larvae fed the lipase diet demonstrated a 3.42 times increase in radioactivity in their tissue lipids. This late lipase response may be the result of an insufficient level of dietary lecithin (M) and a short intestinal length being ineffective, in the early larval stages, in incorporating labelled free fatty acid from dietary glycerol tri[1-14C]oleate breakdown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004502
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of dietary exogenous digestive enzymes on ingestion, assimilation, growth and survival of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, Sparidae, Linnaeus) larvae (1993)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 12 (1993), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: larvae ; Sparas aurata ; digestive enzymes ; microdiet ; pancreatin enzyme activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The success of microdiets commonly used in the cultivation of marine fish larvae is limited to serving as partial replacements for live food. This limited success is thought to be associated with a reduced digestive ability due to an incompletely developed digestive system. The enhanced growth obtained from live food has been partially attributed to the digestive enzyme activity of the food organism. The present study was designed to test the effect of an exogenous digestive enzyme incorporated. into a microdiet on the growth of Sparus aurata. Larval gilthead seabream, 20–32 days old, were fed 14C labelled microdiets containing a commercial pancreatic enzyme at different concentrations (0, 0.1 and 0.05g / 100 g dry diet). Rates of ingestion and assimilation were measured and their relationship to dry weight was determined. Our results show that the success of the microdiet as a food for larval gilthead seabream was limited by the larva's low ingestion rate which only approached its maintenance requirement. In addition, the presence of digestive enzyme in the microdiet enhanced its assimilability by 30%. Larval growth over ten days was 0, 100 and 200% on microdiet free of added enzymes, one with added enzymes and a live food regime, respectively. It is our opinion that successful development of microdiets for Sparus aurata must be based on diets improved both in digestibility and attraction to the larvae. Further studies are now underway to determine the nutritional requirements of gilthead seabream larvae using the experimental method developed in the present study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004368
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