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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 56 (1978), S. 895-904 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Diazepam ; Desmethyldiazepam ; Oxazepam ; Pharmacokinetics ; Elimination ; Diazepam ; Desmethyldiazepam ; Oxazepam ; Pharmakokinetik ; Elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Pharmakokinetik von Diazepam und seinen biologisch aktiven Metaboliten, Desmethyldiazepam und Oxazepam, wird unter verschiedenen klinisch relevanten Aspekten kritisch betrachtet. Die langsame Elimination von Diazepam hängt vom Grad der Plasmaproteinbindung, von der Einnahmedauer, vom Patientenalter und der Leberfunktion des Patienten ab. Während die normale Halbwertszeit, (T 1/2(β)), zwischen 1 und 2 Tagen liegt, kann sie bei Personen über 60 Jahre bis zu 80–100 h ansteigen. Bei Patienten mit Lebererkrankungen istT 1/2(β) etwa um das Zweifache verlängert, was darauf beruht, daß die normale hepatische Clearance ( $$\overline {Cl} $$ ) von 26 ml/min etwa auf die Hälfte abgefallen ist. Wird Diazepam über einen Zeitraum von 7 Tagen verabreicht, so ist seine Elimination bei gesunden Versuchspersonen um 20–70% verlangsamt, während Leberpatienten kaum eine weitere Verlängerung vonT 1/2(β) zeigen. Der Hauptmetabolit, Desmethyldiazepam, wird mit einerT 1/2(β) von 51 h und einer $$\overline {Cl} $$ von 11 ml/min wesentlich langsamer als seine Muttersubstanzen eliminiert, weshalb er nach mehrmaliger Diazepamgabe deutlich kumuliert. Auch diese Substanz wird bei Leberkranken um den Faktor 2 langsamer eliminiert. Im Gegensatz dazu wird Oxazepam relativ rasch und unabhängig von der Leberfunktion mit einerT 1/2(β) von 5.5 h und einer $$\overline {Cl} $$ von 130 ml/min als Glucuronid im Urin ausgeschieden.
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of diazepam and its biologically active metabolites desmethyldiazepam and oxazepam is critically evaluated from a clinically relevant point of view. The slow elimination of diazepam is dependent on the degree of plasma protein binding, the duration of the medication, the age and the liver function of the patient. While the normal half-life (T 1/2(β)) varies between 1 and 2 days, it can be increased to up to 80–100 h in subjects over 60 years of age. In patients with liver diseaseT 1/2(β) is about doubled, which is caused by a reduction (factor 2) of the normal hepatic clearance of 26 ml/min. After subchronic treatment with diazepam the elimination rate is reduced about 20–70% in healthy subjects, but liver patients exhibit only a slightly further prolongation inT 1/2(β). The major metabolite desmethyldiazepam has aT 1/2(β) of 51 h and a $$\overline {Cl} $$ of 11 ml/min and accumulates after multiple doses of diazepam since its elimination is much slower than that of its parent compound. The elimination of this drug is also impaired (factor 2) in patients with liver disease. In contrast to these findings oxazepam is excreted as glucuronide in the urine relatively fast and independently of the liver function with aT 1/2(β) of 5.5 h and a $$\overline {Cl} $$ of 130 ml/min.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 61 (1983), S. 625-632 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Cimetidine ; Ranitidine ; Oxmetidine ; Drug interactions ; Hepatic elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary H2-blocking agents, such as cimetidine or ranitidine are used in numerous patients. This treatment is often associated with the co-administration of a variety of other drugs. From clinical observations and pharmacokinetic studies it is obvious that even short-term treatment with therapeutic doses of cimetidine inhibits the hepatic elimination of antipyrine, warfarin, diazepam, desmethyldiazepam, chlordiazepoxide, propranolol, labetalol, metoprolol, phenytoin, carbamazepine, chlormethiazole, theophylline and caffeine. All these drugs are metabolized by cytochrome-dependent so-called phase I reactions. Cimetidine can interact with drug binding to the cytochrome P450 system leading to impaired drug metabolism. On the other hand drugs which are eliminated by glucuronidation (cytochrome independent phase II reaction), such as oxazepam and lorazepam are not affected by cimetidine. Other H2-blocking agents (ranitidine, oxmetidine) did not impair the elimination of antipyrine, warfarin, diazepam or propranolol. Furthermore, cimetidine and ranitidine might slightly reduce hepatic blood flow which could reduce the elimination of drugs with high hepatic clearance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diazepam ; pharmacokinetics ; subchronic dosage in man ; desmethyldiazepam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In seven healthy male volunteers the effects of the pattern of dosing on the pharmacokinetics of diazepam have been studied. A cross-over design was employed that consisted of three parts: a single intravenous dose (0.1 mg/kg), and oral dosing (10 mg/day) for six days followed by an intravenous bolus (0.1 mg/kg) on the seventh day, followed by re-examination of a single intravenous dose after diazepam (D) and its major metabolite desmethyldiazepam (DD) had been completely eliminated. Plasma levels of D and DD were monitored by a specific, sensitive GLC-method. In younger patients (n=5, age 29 – 35 years) the elimination half-life, T1/2 (β), of D was 33.9±10.6 h (mean±S.D.) after the single dose. The control study gave an almost identical result (35.7±12.1). After subchronic dosage in all patients T1/2 (β) showed a modest but significant prolongation (paired t-test p〈0.01) to 52.9±17.4 h. It was caused by a significant decrease (p=0.016) in total plasma clearance ( $$\overline {\user1{Cl}} $$ ), from 26.0±10.8 ml/min to 18.2±7.0 ml/min. Older patients (age 43–60 years) showed the same phenomenon. Blood/plasma ratios remained constant indicating no change in protein binding. Biliary excretion of D was measured in five patients with a T-tube. Only negligible amounts (0.3–0.4%) of administered D were excreted within 3 days after subchronic dosage, which demonstrates a lack of enterohepatic cycling of D. After multiple administration of D, there was accumulation of DD to levels approximately five times higher than after a single dose. The possibility that the slower elimination of D after subchronic treatment might be caused by DD was also supported by experiments in dogs and rabbits. After pretreating rabbits with DD and maintaining a high DD plasma level, there was prolongation of T1/2 (β) from 2.7 h to 5.2 h, with a corresponding decrease of $$\overline {\user1{Cl}} $$ from 101.6 ml/min to 23.4 ml/min. Similar results were obtained in dogs. It is concluded that the disposition of D is altered by subchronic use and may be regulated by the plasma DD concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 28 (1985), S. 671-675 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: famotidine ; histamine H2-receptor antagonist ; diazepam ; hepatic elimination ; tubular secretion ; drug interaction ; cytochrome P450 ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 8 healthy male volunteers the pharmacodynamic responses to a single dose of diazepam and a single dose of procainamide were assessed before and after pre-treatment with the H2-receptor antagonist famotidine in a randomized crossover study. The pharmacokinetics of diazepam and procainamide were also studied, and the binding of famotidine to human liver microsomes was also measured. Cimetidine induced binding changes with a spectral dissociation constant (Ks) of 0.87 mM, whereas famotidine produced no measurable spectral alteration in concentrations up to 4 mM. The elimination half-life (t1/2: 45.6 h) and total plasma clearance (CL: 0.28 ml/min/kg) of diazepam were not significantly altered by famotidine (t1/2=39.0±11.4 h; CL =0.31±0.08 ml/min/kg). Similarly, there was no enhancement of the sedative effect of diazepam by famotidine. The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA), too, were not significantly changed by famotidine: procainamide t1/2 2.9 vs 3.0 h under famotidine and renal clearance (CLR) 436 vs 443 ml/min; and NAPA CLR 195 vs 212 ml/min under famotidine. The data suggest that famotidine, in contrast to cimetidine, does not affect the pharmacokinetics of diazepam (hepatic elimination) or procainamide (tubular secretion). This new H2-receptor antagonist appears to be devoid of an interaction potential for either type of drug elimination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 417-424 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Bioavailability ; β-acetyldigoxin ; multiple doses ; radioimmunoassay ; plasma ; urine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In eight healthy volunteers the bioavailability of β-acetyldigoxin solution and tablets was measured after single and multiple doses. Plasma and urine data were used to calculate bioavailability by four different methods. The differences obtained and the interindividual variations suggested that different and independent methods should be employed to assess “absolute” and “true” bioavailability. There was no significant difference between the regimens and both preparations had similar bioavailability; mean values (± SD) for the solution were 68.3 ± 8.7 % (single dose) and 68.6±5.9 % (multiple doses), and for the tablets 72.8±7.5 % and 66.1±6.0 %, respectively. For routine measurements, single dose studies with plasma and urine sampling for 24 hours and 48 hours, respectively, were an accurate and practicable procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 16 (1979), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: lorcainide ; ventricular premature beats ; plasma levels ; pharmacokinetics ; side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma level and antiarrhythmic effect of lorcainide (R 15889) have been investigated in 15 patients with ventricular premature beats (VPB). Therapy was initiated with an intravenous dose of 1.9 mg/kg given over 10 min, followed by a constant infusion of 0.18 mg/kg/h for 24 h. In 8 patients the corresponding doses were increased to 2 mg/kg and 0.27 mg/kg/h. After the intravenous doses patients were treated orally with 100 mg tid for 6–7 days. The two dosage regimens were selected so as to achieve theoretical steady-state plasma levels (css) of 200 and 300 ng/ml, respectively. The combined intravenous treatment approached (181 ± 6.8 ng/ml and 273±28.5 ng/ml, respectively) the desired css within 2 to 4 h. During the oral administration, the minimal plasma concentrations following the lower intravenous dose (184±18 ng/ml) were significantly (p=0.0001) lower than after the higher intravenous dose (264±20.5 ng/ml). The dealkylated metabolite of lorcainide was not detectable after the intravenous doses, but it accumulated during oral treatment, when its concentration exceeded that of the parent compound. In 5 of the 7 patients receiving the lower dose VPB were effectively reduced. However, in only 4 of the 8 patients on the higher dosage schedule could a significant antiarrhythmic effect be demonstrated. In addition, side effects were observed in 6 of the subjects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 511-515 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: 5-aminosalicylic acid ; inflammatory bowel disease ; sulphasalazine disposition ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy volunteers ; urinary excretion ; biliary excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The disposition of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-AS), the therapeutically active metabolite of sulphasalazine (SZ), has been studied in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease, in patients with biliary tract disease and post-operative T-tube drainage, and in healthy volunteers. Subjects were treated 3 times a day either with 5-AS 0.5 g suppositories and a slow-release preparation or with SZ 1 g tid (equivalent to 5-AS 1.14 g/day). Plasma and urine concentrations of 5-AS and its acetylated major metabolite (AcAS) were monitored during one dosing interval. In a cross-over trial in 5 patients with ulcerative colitis no difference, was found in the dose-corrected mean (± SD) steady state plasma levels (Css) of 5-AS and AcAS between treatment with 5-AS suppositories (0.10±0.07 and 0.50±0.20 µg/ml, respectively) and SZ (0.12±0.14 and 0.67±0.14 µg/ml, respectively). Urinary excretion of total AS (5-AS+AcAS), too, was similar (192±70 and 179±79 mg/day) with both forms of treatment. The oral slow-release form of 5-AS produced slightly higher Css in 5 patients with Crohn's disease (5-AS 0.21±0.22 µg/ml; AcAS 0.83±0.40 µg/ml) and in 5 healthy volunteers (5-AS 0.28±0.14 µg/ml; AcAS 1.10±0.43 µg/ml). Urinary recovery of total AS averaged 20±6% (patients) and 27±10% (volunteers). The cross-over trial in 7 patients with a biliary T-tube revealed that after single doses of 5-AS 1 g and SZ 2 g between 0.01% and 0.75% could be recovered in collected bile (85–500 ml/day) as total AS (traces of free 5-AS, and acetylated and glucuronidated 5-AS), indicating some enterohepatic circulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 223-226 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: diazepam ; metoprolol ; drug combination ; pharmacodynamics ; pharmacokinetics ; drug metabolism ; sedation ; interaction study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 6 normotensive, healthy male volunteers the pharmacodynamic responses (blood pressure, heart rate; sedation index, tracking test, reaction time) to metoprolol (100 mg bid orally), diazepam (0.1 mg/kg intravenously) and to their combination were studied. The pharmacokinetics of diazepam were also compared in a cross-over experiment, with and without pretreatment by the β-adrenoceptor antagonist to evaluate the possibility of a drug interaction. The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic investigations indicated that metoprolol only slightly impaired the elimination of diazepam (18% decrease in total clearance, 25% increase in elimination half-life). The pharmacodynamics of metoprolol (17% decrease in heart rate, 17% decrease in diastolic RR) was not significantly altered by the bolus injection of diazepam. The extent of prolongation in choice reaction time (RT2) induced by diazepam was significantly (p=0.001) more pronounced following the co-administration of metoprolol. However, the results of RT1, the tracking test and the sedation index did not indicate any increased effect due to the β-blocking agent. It is concluded that concomitant treatment with metoprolol and diazepam causes only minor and clinically irrelevant changes in drug metabolism and drug response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: dihydroergotamine ; acute and chronic effects ; venous function ; plasma levels ; dose-response relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a double-blind, interindividual comparative study 30 healthy volunteers were randomly allocated to oral treatment with 5 or 10 mg of dihydroergotamine (DHE) or placebo once daily for 16 days. Regional basic venous blood volume (BBV), pressure dependent venous capacitance (Cv) of the calf, resting heart rate and blood pressure were determined on Days 1 and 15 of treatment. Plasma concentrations of DHE were monitored on Days 2 and 16. Due to spontaneous vasodilation BBV varied considerably, showing that it is an inappropriate parameter for investigating the venoconstrictor activity of DHE. Cv remained unchanged after the first dose of DHE but it had declined significantly on both dosage regimens at the end of the treatment phase. In contrast, the blood concentration profiles of DHE were comparable at the beginning and the end of the trial. The discrepancy can best be explained by the existence of an effect compartment, e.g. smooth vascular musculature, which slowly becomes filled with DHE and/or its active metabolites. The venoconstrictor activity of DHE exhibited a significant dose-response relationship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 427-430 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ranitidine ; haemofiltration ; renal failure ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of ranitidine was investigated in 11 patients with acute or end stage renal failure during haemofiltration. Each patient received 50 mg ranitidine i.v. The mean distribution and elimination half lives were 0.13 and 2.57 h, respectively. The total body clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (Vz) were 298 ml·min−1 (5.19 ml·min−1·kg−1) and 1.081·kg−1, respectively. About 17.1% of the administered dose was removed by haemofiltration (in approximately 201 filtrate). Five of the patients still had some urine output and they excreted 0.1 to 11.8% of the dose in urine in 24 h. The haemofiltration clearance was 66.9 ml·min−1 at a filtrate flow rate of 86 ml·min−1, corresponding to a mean sieving coefficient of 0.78 (n=6). As plasma concentrations were still in an effective range after haemofiltration, dose supplementation is not recommended.
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