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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 26 (1970), S. 637-638 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Autoxydation von Adrenalin in Anwesenheit von Mn++ wurde quantitativ untersucht. Es ergab sich, dass die durch 0,1 mM Mn++ bewirkte vollständige Oxidation von Adrenalin durch 5 × 10−5 g/ml Ascorbinsäure verhindert werden konnte.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 38 (1976), S. 9-14 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In chicken hearts, the acetylcholine (ACh) output in response to vagal stimulation was easily detectable by gas chromatography even in the absence of cholinesterase inhibition. Eserine 10−6 M markedly increased the ACh output. In contrast, the ACh output from the perfused rabbit heart was not measurable in the absence of cholinesterase inhibition. Both ACh concentration and cholinesterase activity were higher in the chicken heart than in the rabbit heart. In conclusion, the isolated perfused chicken heart is at present a unique tool for studying the output of the parasympathetic transmitter in the absence of cholinesterase inhibition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 56 (1983), S. 239-247 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Parasympathetic nervous system ; acetylcholine ; heart
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stimulation of the cervical vagus nerves caused an output of acetylcholine (ACh) from the isolated chicken heart, which almost exclusively was released from the postganglionic neurons: (+)-tubocurarine (3×10−4 M) reduced the output to 12±6% (n=7) of the control. Stimulation of the two nerve trunks was equally effective in releasing ACh.-Evidence that a large number of postganglionic neurons receives bilateral innervation was based on two experimental series. (1.) The sum of the ACh outputs evoked by unilateral (separate) nerve stimulation of the right and the left vagus was higher than the bilaterally evoked output (100%) and increased with increasing frequencies (10, 20 and 40 Hz) from 115±13% to 131±9% (n=13). In the presence of 10−4 M 4-aminopyridine, unilaterally evoked output (40 Hz) was further increased from 131 to 176±5% (n=21).-(2.) In the presence of 4-aminopyridine plus hemicholinium-3 (2×10−5 M), unilateral nerve stimulation at 40 Hz evoked an output of ACh that decreased from 477 to 79 pmol g−1min−1 during a 20 min-period of stimulation due to transmitter depletion. Thereafter output of ACh evoked by stimulation of the contralateral nerve was reduced by 73% as compared to the control value (475 pmol g−1min−1; output without the preceding 20 min-stimulation).-It is concluded that a large number of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons of the chicken heart receives a dual excitatory input from both right and left vagus nerve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the perfused rabbit heart a constant infusion of tyramine released noradrenaline continuously and independently of the external Ca++ concentration. In contrast, noradrenaline release by DMPP was only transient and required the presence of Ca++.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 258 (1967), S. 108-122 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Heart ; Noradrenaline release ; Acetylcholine ; Calcium ; Cations ; Herz ; Noradrenalin-Freisetzung ; Acetylcholin ; Calcium ; Kationen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung veränderter Elektrolyt-Konzentrationen auf die Nordrenalin-Abgabe durch Acetylcholin wurde am isolierten, perfundierten Kaninchenherzen untersucht. Acetylcholin wurde in einer Konzentration von 3 × 10−5 g/ml 30 sec lang in die Aortenkanüle infundiert. Die Perfusionsflüssigkeit enthielt Atropin (3 × 10−6 g/ml) während der ganzen Versuchsdauer. Die von den Herzen in das Perfusat abgegebenen Catecholamine wurden fluorimetrisch bestimmt; außerdem wurden die Herzfrequenz, die Kontraktionsamplitude und der Coronardurchfluß registriert. Bei verminderter Ca++-Konzentration wurde die Noradrenalin-Abgabe durch Acetylcholin herabgesetzt und bei erhöhter Ca++-Konzentration gesteigert; die Spontanabgabe von Noradrenalin wurde durch veränderte Ca++-Konzentrationen nicht beeinflußt. Erhöhung der Mg++-Konzentration beeinflußte die Noradrenalin-Abgabe durch Acetylcholin bei normaler oder verminderter Ca++-Konzentration nicht. Herabsetzung der Konzentrationen von Na+ oder K+ steigerte die Noradrenalin-Abgabe durch Acetylcholin, sofern die Ca++-Konzentration vermindert war. Erhöhung der K+-Konzentration steigerte die Spontanabgabe von Noradrenalin nicht; die Noradrenalin-Abgabe durch Acetylcholin wurde aber herabgesetzt. Aus den Ergebnissen wird gefolgert, daß die Noradrenalin-Freisetzung durch Acetylcholin aus peripheren, sympathischen Nerven einem Ca++-Na+-Antagonismus unterliegt, wie er schon für die Noradrenalin-Freisetzung durch Acetylcholin aus der chromaffinen Zelle beschrieben worden ist (Douglas). Die Versuche, in denen CaCl2 durch MgCl2 und NaCl durch Saccharose oder LiCl substituiert wurden, brachten Hinweise dafür, daß die Noradrenalin-Freisetzung durch Ca-Ionen gefördert und durch Na-Ionen gehemmt wird. Beim Vergleich der vorliegenden Befunde mit entsprechenden Untersuchungen an der chromaffinen Zelle (Douglas) ergaben sich wesentliche Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Bedeutung der Mg++- und besonders einer gesteigerten K+-Konzentration.
    Notes: Summary The following experiments were done in order to study the effects of alterations in the ionic composition of the perfusion fluid of the isolated rabbit heart on the noradrenaline release caused by acetylcholine. The perfusion fluid contained 3 × 10−6 g/ml atropine throughout the whole experiment. Acetylcholine was infused into the aortic cannula for 30 sec at a concentration of 3 × 10−5 g/ml and this effect was repeated at time intervals of 15 min. Heart rate, contractile amplitude and coronary flow were recorded. The noradrenaline output into the perfusate was measured fluorometrically. Lowering of the calcium concentration decreased the noradrenaline output following administration of acetylcholine. Conversely, elevation of the calcium concentration increased the noradrenaline output. The resting output of noradrenaline was not affected by alterations of the calcium concentration of the perfusion fluid. Magnesium neither antagonized the action of calcium on the noradrenaline release by acetylcholine nor was it effective as a substitute for calcium. Lowering of the sodium or potassium concentration of the perfusion fluid caused an increase in the noradrenaline output following acetylcholine provided the noradrenaline output was initially kept at a submaximal level by decreasing the external calcium concentration. Substantial elevation of the potassium concentration of the perfusion fluid did not affect the resting output of noradrenaline but decreased the output caused by acetylcholine. It is concluded that the release of noradrenaline from the sympathetic nerve ending evoked by acetylcholine is dominated by a calcium-sodium antagonism as previously described for the chromaffin cell (Douglas). The experiments in which CaCl2 was substituted by MgCl2 and NaCl was substituted by sucrose or LiCl provided evidence that calcium ions promote and sodium ions inhibit noradrenaline release. The above findings obtained on the sympathetic nerve endings differ markedly from the results on the chromaffin cell (Douglas) as far as the actions of magnesium or excess potassium are concerned. The effects on noradrenaline output brought about by variations of the ionic concentrations cannot be explained by concomitant alterations of the coronary flow.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 333 (1986), S. 7-12 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Heart ; Parasympathetic nervous system ; Ouabain ; Release of acetylcholine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the study was to elucidate peripheral effects of ouabain on the parasympathetic innervation of the heart, effects that could contribute to the experimentally and clinically well established “vagal effect of cardiac glycosides”. The experiments were carried out with ouabain concentrations of 3×10−7 and 10−6 mol/l, which were considered “therapeutic”, as they increased force of contraction and did not elicit arrhythmias in incubated chicken atria. In atrial preparations of chickens and guinea-pigs the negative chronotropic and inotropic effects of acetylcholine (ACh) were not altered by 3×10−7 mol/l ouabain. Resting efflux of ACh from perfused chicken hearts was increased by ouabain from 10 to a maximum of 30 pmol/g min, whereas release of ACh evoked by bilateral vagal stimulation at 3 or 20 Hz for 1 min was unchanged (resting release subtracted). In contrast, release of ACh caused by unilateral vagal stimulation was augmented by ouabain up to 200% of the control. Release by unilateral stimulation (80 pmol/g; 20 Hz) was calculated for each experiment by averaging the releases evoked by consecutive stimulation of the right and left nerves. Ouabain infused for 90 min did not alter the tissue content of ACh (5.5 nmol/g). Within 2 days after unilateral (left) vagal transsection (denervation of cardiac ganglia) the release of ACh evoked by stimulation of the intact nerve (20 Hz) increased from about 80 to 200 pmol/g, whereas the release from the lesioned nerve markedly declined. One day after denervation, ouabain had lost the ability to facilitate the release of ACh evoked by stimulation of the intact nerve, whereas the release by stimulation of the lesioned nerve was still increased. It is concluded that ouabain at “therapeutic” concentrations increased resting release of ACh but did not influence the mechanism of action potential-evoked release of ACh. The effect of exogenous ACh on sinus node activity was not enhanced by ouabain. The observation that ouabain increased release of ACh caused by unilateral, but not by bilateral vagal stimulation was explained by an increase in the number of activated postganglionic neurons arising from those (contralateral) ganglia that received a subthreshold input from the stimulated vagus nerve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 296 (1977), S. 149-152 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Acetylcholine overflow ; Acetylcholine synthesis ; Parasympathetic nervous system ; Cholinesterase ; Physostigmine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The content of acetylcholine in the tissue and effluent of isolated hearts of various birds and mammals was determined in the absence of inhibition of cholinesterase. 2. Stimulation of both vagus nerves for 15 min at 20 Hz caused marked negative chronotropic effects in all species. Spontaneous or stimulation-induced overflow of acetylcholine into the effluents was not detected in mammals. In the avian heart, the order of spontaneous overflow was: duck = chicken 〉 pigeon, whereas the order of evoked overflow was: chicken 〉 pigeon 〉 duck. The acetylcholine overflow from the cat heart was below the limit of estimation (3 pmol g−1 min−1). In the chicken heart, the evoked overflow per min (284 pmol) was at least 95 times the overflow from the cat heart. 3. The average content of acetylcholine in the avian hearts was of the same order of magnitude (8.3–11.5 nmol/g) while the overflows ranged from 97 to 1615 pmol g−1 15 min−1. The acetylcholine content of cat and guinea-pig hearts was similar to that of avian hearts. 4. It is concluded that neither the spontaneous nor the stimulation-induced overflows of acetylcholine were correlated with the acetylcholine content in the tissue. The stimulation-induced overflow of acetylcholine into the effluent is much higher in avian than in mammalian hearts which, presumably, is due to differences in the amount of acetylcholine released from the terminal nerves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 296 (1977), S. 143-148 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Acetylcholine ; Cholinesterase ; Transmitter inactivation ; Coronary flow ; Isolated heart
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The effect of perfusion rate on the hydrolysis of acetylcholine in isolated chicken hearts was studied by measuring both the spontaneous and the evoked output of endogenous acetylcholine into the perfusate in response to vagal stimulation and the arterio-venous difference of exogenous acetylcholine. 2. A decrease in the perfusion rate from 30 to 20 and 10 ml/min caused a graded and significant decline of both the spontaneous overflow of acetylcholine and the overflow evoked by stimulation of both vagus nerves (20 Hz, 1 ms, 40V) for 20 min. The spontaneous and evoked overflow at 30 ml/min were 2 and 3 times, respectively, the overflow at 10 ml/min. 3. Physostigmine (10−6M) raised both the spontaneous and the evoked acetylcholine outputs into the perfusate. The rise of the evoked output was much more pronounced at 10 ml/min (7.5-fold) than at 30 ml/min (2.5-fold) so that the differences in the output at these perfusion rates were abolished after inhibition of cholinesterase. 4. Although vagal stimulation in the presence of physostigmine caused an output of acetylcholine into the perfusate equivalent to the content of the heart determined before stimulation, no change of the cardiac acetylcholine content was observed. Thus the total acetylcholine content must have been resynthesized during the 20-min period of vagal stimulation. Physostigmine raised the acetylcholine content by the same extent, both before and after stimulation. 5. The arterio-venous difference of acetylcholine during infusion of this compound (10−7 M) for 10 min was increased from 37±8 to 56±7% (n=10) of the arterial concentration, when the perfusion rate was decreased from 30 to 10 ml/min. Physostigmine abolished the effect of the perfusion rate upon the appearance of acetylcholine in the effluent. Moreover, the arterio-venous differences were less than 5% after inhibition of cholinesterase. 6. It is concluded that extracellular inactivation of the parasympathetic transmitter of the heart is dependent on both the cholinesterase activity and the rate of the coronary flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 265 (1969), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Acetylcholine ; Sympathetic Nerve Ending ; Release of Noradrenaline ; DMPP ; Tyramine ; Acetylcholin ; Sympathische Nervenendigung ; Noradrenalinfreisetzung ; DMPP ; Tyramin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The noradrenaline output from isolated rabbit hearts perfused with Tyrode solution was estimated fluorimetrically. The postganglionic sympathetic nerves of the heart were stimulated (10 shocks/sec; 1 msec) for three 1 min periods with intervals of 10 min. 2. The noradrenaline output evoked by 3 consecutive stimulation periods decreased exponentially. 3. Acetylcholine (10−9–10−6 g/ml) administered continuously one min before to one min after the second stimulation caused a dose-dependent reduction of the noradrenaline output evoked by the second stimulation to as low as 19% of the normal value. Acetylcholine in the concentrations applied did not cause a noradrenaline output by itself. 4. The inhibitory action of acetylcholine 10−6 g/ml was fully antagonized by atropine 10−6 g/ml, whereas hexamethonium 3×10−6 g/ml had no significant antagonistic effect. 5. The noradrenaline output caused by nerve stimulation was not decreased in the presence of DMPP 10−6 g/ml. DMPP 10−5 g/ml applied 3 min before electrical nerve stimulation caused an output of noradrenaline for 2 min but did not inhibit the noradrenaline release by nerve stimulation. 6. Tyramine 5×10−6 g/ml was administered to the rabbit heart for two 6 min periods at an interval of 15 min. Methacholine 7.4×10−5 g/ml or atropine 1−6 g/ml if present during the second tyramine infusion did not alter the noradrenaline output produced by tyramine. 7. It is concluded that low concentrations of acetylcholine by stimulating muscarinic inhibitory receptors interfere with the noradrenaline release from the postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres evoked by electrical nerve stimulation. The possibility of a peripheral direct interaction of the cholinergic with the adrenergic nervous system is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 263 (1969), S. 236-237 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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