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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the Yield and Quality Characteristics of Tofu (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 46 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Tofu made from imported U.S. soybeans and local Ta-Lien soybeans showed a similar yield. The yield of tofu from whole soybean was higher than that of defatted soybean flake. Significant different qualities of tofu products were prepared by using various coagulants. It was found that calcium sulfate (gypsum) and bittern (called nigari in Japanese) were suitable coagulants for making the Chinese-style tofu, but not glucono-δ-lactone. Other coagulants were not desirable for manufacturing good quality Chinese-style tofu. Commercial tofu products in Taiwan had various rheological properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1981.tb04474.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil Seed Bank as an Input of Seed Source in Revegetation of Lead / Zinc Mine Tailings (2001)
    Boston, MA, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Restoration ecology 9 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The goal of the present study was to assess a soil seed bank as an input seed source for revegetating lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailings. The seed bank source was abandoned farmland, whose top 10-cm layer of topsoil contained 6,850 ± 377 seeds/m2 from 41 species. The seeds in the soil were principally distributed in the upper 0–2 cm, which held 75.8% of total seeds and 92.7% of species composition. The top 2-cm layer of topsoil may be sufficient to serve the purpose of providing a seed source for revegetation on derelict lands, including mined lands. Four different thicknesses of topsoil (1, 2, 4, and 8 cm, redistributed from the total 0–10-cm layer from the farmland) were field-tested on the Pb/Zn mine tailings. There was no significant difference in seedling density among the 4 thickness treatments. Many seeds in the treatments with more than 1-cm of topsoil were unable to emerge from the deeper layer. Seedlings in plots with topsoil of 1-, 2- and 4-cm failed to establish within 1 year due to the extremely high acidity (pH 2.39 to 2.76). A shallow layer of topsoil cannot neutralize the sulfuric acid generated from oxidation of pyrites in the tailings. For establishment of seedlings on metalliferous lands, an insulating layer such as subsoil, building rubble, or domestic refuse is necessary before covering with valuable topsoil. The woody legume Leucaena leucocephala grown on the tailings with a topsoil cover of 8-cm was the most dominant species. Lead was accumulated in root, branch, stem bark, and xylem, which accounted for more than 80% of the total metal concentration in the plant. This portion of Pb will reside in the plant for a long period, while the smaller portion of Pb in the leaf (about 15%) could be returned to the environment as litter during growth. Woody plants may have an advantage in metal-phyto-remediation over herbaceous plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2001.94007.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Natural Colonization of Plants on Five Lead/Zinc Mine Tailings in Southern China (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Inc.
    Restoration ecology 13 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Mine tailings can have a specific assemblage of plant species due to their unique physicochemical properties, and this process can be important in developing ecological theory and restoration practice. Physicochemical properties and natural colonization of plants on five lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailings in southern China were investigated. The tailings studied included Fankou and Lechang in Guangdong Province, and Huangshaping, Shuikoushan, and Taolin in Hunan Province. Physicochemical properties of the tailings varied greatly both among and within tailings ponds, but in general, all contained high concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd) and low concentrations of N, P, and organic matter. Toxic levels of heavy metals and deficiency of major nutrients appeared to be the major constraints for colonization of plants on these Pb/Zn tailings and were reflected in the metal concentration of the plant tissues. The natural colonization of plants on these tailings was limited, with only some small patches distributed mainly on the edge of tailing ponds and even fewer patches on the center of the ponds. In total 54 plant species belonging to 51 genera and 24 families were recorded on the five tailings ponds, of which the 13 species belonging to Gramineae were major components of the tailings’ flora. Species establishing on the tailings at the initial colonization phase greatly depended on their seed-dispersal capacity. Further establishment and growth were then dependent on at least one of the three ecological strategies: (1) microsite (avoidance) strategy: plant establishment on tailings depended on dispersing onto microsites of relatively favorable edaphic conditions; (2) tolerance strategy: plant establishment was a result of evolving metal-tolerant ecotypes or constitutional metal tolerance; and (3) rhizome strategy: plant establishment on tailings depended on clonal growth by rhizomatous extension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2005.00007.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Revegetation of Pb/Zn Mine Tailings, Guangdong Province, China (2000)
    Boston, MA, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Restoration ecology 8 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Lechang lead/zinc mine is located in the north part of Guangdong Province, southern China. The tailings residue from the extraction of lead/zinc ores was permanently stored in tailings ponds, which required revegetation to reduce the environmental impact. A field study was, therefore, conducted to evaluate the effects of different ameliorants, including: (1) pig manure (PM); (2) mushroom compost (MC); (3) burnt coal residue (BC); (4) fly ash (FA); and (5) surface soil on the growth of Agropyron elongatum (tall wheat grass), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass), and Trifolium repens (clover) in the tailings residue. The results from the core profiles indicated that adding FA (10 cm) or BC (15 cm) as a barrier layer between the cover soil and the tailings could increase pH, compared to the treatment with soil only. C. dactylon grew well and had a high cover (90–100%) in all the treatment plots except the control plots without any amendment. A. elongatum and L. multiflorum had a higher cover when grown in plots covered with a barrier layer using FA or BC (both with surface soil), than those grown in plots covered with surface soil only. Treatment plots receiving a thicker soil cover (30 cm) had a better dry weight yield than those with a thinner soil cover (15 cm), regardless of the barrier layer. The results from this study indicate that the use of either 15 cm BC or 10 cm FA as a barrier layer with surface soil, or the use of 38 tonnes PM/ha and 6 cm MC, were effective for the revegetation of Pb/Zn mine tailings. C. dactylon was the best species among the four species used for revegetation.Key words: reclamation, Pb/Zn mine tailings, burnt coal, mushroom compost, fly ash, Bermuda grass, Italian ryegrass, clover.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80012.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of wastewater discharge on nutrient contamination of mangrove soils and plants (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 295 (1995), S. 243-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mangrove ; soil/sediment ; plant ; wastewater ; sink ; nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ecological impact of sewage discharges to a mangrove wetland in Futian National Nature Reserve, the People's Republic of China was assessed by comparing the plant community, plant growth and nutrient status of soils and vegetation of a site treated with settled municipal wastewater (Site A) with those of a control adjacent site (Site B) which did not receive sewage. During the one year study, the total and available N and P, and organic carbon concentrations of mangrove soils in Site A did not significantly differ from those of Site B. In both sites, the soil organic C, total N, NH4 }-N and total P content exhibited a descending trend from landward to seaward regions, with the lowest measurements obtained from the most foreshore location. Seasonal variation in N content of soil samples was more obvious than any difference between wastewater treated and the control sites. The soil N content was lower in spring and summer. This was attributed to the higher temperature in these seasons which facilitated degradation of organic matter and absorption of nitrogen by the plants for growth. No significant difference in plant community structure, plant growth (in terms of tree height and diameter) and biomass was found between Sites A and B. Leaf samples of the two dominant plant species, Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum collected from Site A had comparable content of organic carbon, N, P and K to those Site B. These preliminary results indicated that the discharge of a total volume of 2600 m3 municipal wastewater to an area of 1800 m2 mangrove plants over the period of a year did not produce any apparent impact on growth of the plants. The soils and plant leaves of Site A were not contaminated, in terms of nutrient content, by the discharged sewage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029131
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Benthic macrofauna of the mangrove swamp treated with municipal wastewater (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 347 (1997), S. 127-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: benthic macrofauna ; community structure ; mangrovestreatment ; municipal wastewater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Benthic macrofauna and possible effects on community structureofdischarging municipal wastewater to Futian National MangroveReserve, the People‘s Republic of China, were investigated.Eighty-four species of ground-dwelling fauna belonging to 7Phyla,9 Classes, 46 Families and 65 Genera were identified. Abundantfamilies were Assimineidae, Melanidae, Potamididae,Ocypodidae,Grapsidae and Periophthalmidae. Between April 1991 to January1993,no obvious seasonal fluctuation in species compositionoccurred.Total biomass also remained unchanged. However, total densityshowed peaks in January and July (both in section A and B),probably due to the molluscs.A selected site of the mangroves was treated with municipalwastewater (60 m3 per week for 16 consecutive months). Incomparison to a control site, the effect of wastewaterdischarge ontotal mean biomass and density (particularly of molluscs andcrustaceans) appeared non-significant P?0.05). Thecommunity structure remained unchanged although some saprobicspecies emerged and total biomass in the area close to thewastewater front increased slightly. Multivariate analysisindicated that there probably was an initial inhibition periodanda subsequent recovery period for benthic fauna in response tothedischarged wastewater in the mangrove swamp.The study confirms that the benthic macrofauna withinmangroves islow in species diversity and high in population counts incomparison with a frontal mudflat. Longitudinal zonation ofthefauna from landward to seaward will also bediscussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003027520750
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mangrove wetlands as wastewater treatment facility: a field trial (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 352 (1997), S. 49-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mangrove ; treatment ; sewage ; plant ; sediment ; wetland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field work has been conducted in a 300-hectare natural mangrove intertidal wetlands in Shenzhen, a newly developed city in southern China, to study the feasibility of using mangrove wetlands as a sewage treatment facility. The present paper reports the results obtained in the recent year, between December1994 and December 1995. Two parallel elongated sites(Sites A & B, each 180 m × 10 m) extending from land to sea were chosen for study. Since September 1991,Site A has received settled municipal sewage three times a week during the low ebb tide period when sediments at landward regions were dry. The hydraulic loading was 20 m3 per discharge and wastewater was soaked into the sediments within 50 m of the discharge points before the next incoming tide. Site B served as a control. Over the past months in 1994and 1995, surface sediments and plant leaves were collected at identified locations in two sites at every six month intervals. The impact of sewage on mangrove plant growth was assessed by monitoring plant height, diameter and number of trees using the fixed plot technique. The plant density, stem diameter and tree height of two dominant mangrove species, Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum, found in Site A were comparable with those of Site B. No significant difference was detected between two sites in terms of plant growth and death rates. These results indicate that sewage discharge over a period of about two years did not exhibit any apparent effect on plant growth. The nutrient and organic matter concentrations of surface sediments in Site A were also not significantly different from those found in Site B, except at the very landward regions (2 to 40 m away from landwards). The nutrient concentrations of sediments collected in sampling locations near the discharge points of Site A were however significantly higher than that of the control. In both sites, the organic C, total N and P, NH4 +-N and NO3 −-N concentrations in the surface sediments exhibited a descending trend from landwards to seaward regions, with notably higher values found in the landward locations. Seasonal variation in NH4 +-N content was obvious, and more ammonium nitrogen was recorded in July than in December. Leaf samples of the two dominant plant species collected from Site A had similar total N and organic C concentrations as those from Site B. These findings suggest that mangrove intertidal wetlands are of great potential for natural wastewater treatment,and are unlikely to produce any harmful effect on the higher plant communities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003040920173
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Community structure and standing crop biomass of a mangrove forest in Futian Nature Reserve, Shenzhen, China (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 295 (1995), S. 193-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mangrove forest ; standing crop biomass ; community structure ; allometric regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The community structure and standing crop biomass of a mangrove forest in Futian Nature Reserve, Shenzhen, the People's Republic of China was studied. This mangrove, located towards the northern latitudinal limit of the mangrove development (22°N), had relatively simple structure and low diversity (the Shannon-Wiener index was 0.78). The three dominant species, namely Aegiceras corniculatum, Kandelia candel and Avicennia marina, possess importance values of 72, 19 and 9%, respectively. The average height of the mangrove community was 4.5 m with no vertical stratification. The values of tree density of A. corniculatum and A. marina were found to be 5290 and 260 ha−1, respectively. The biomass of both A. corniculatum and K. candel was best estimated from regression equations using a combination of height and diameter at breast height as the independent variables. For Avicennia marina, there was no simple correlation between biomass and height or diameter. The regression models suggested by previous workers did not give satisfactory estimation of biomass of A. marina in this mangrove forest. The total biomass of this mangrove forest was 12.1 kg m−2, with 73% of such production contributed by A. corniculatum and 8% by A. marina. Because of its small percentage, the inaccuracy in estimating biomass of A. marina did not affect the overall determination of biomass of the whole community. Average above-ground biomass was 8.7 kg m−2 (72% of the total biomass) and the major components were aerial woody tissues, stems and branches. The root:shoot ratio of this plant community was 0.4:1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029126
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrients and heavy metal contamination of plants and sediments in Futian mangrove forest (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 295 (1995), S. 149-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An ecological survey was carried out to determine the levels of nutrients and heavy metals in the sediments and leaf tissues of two dominant mangrove plant species, Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum, in Futian mangrove forest, Shenzhen, the People's Republic of China. The spatial and seasonal variations of these elements were also investigated. The results show that there was no major difference between two sampling sites 150 m apart. In both sites, the sediment concentrations of total and NH4 +-N, total and extractable P, total and extractable K, total organic carbon were consistently higher in the landward locations and decreased gradually towards the sea. The sediment sample collected at the seaward edge of the mangrove plant community had the lowest levels of nutrient and organic matter. The vertical variations (from the land to the sea) of sediment heavy metals were less obvious and no particular trend could be identified. Extremely high contents of Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr and Zn were found at certain locations, suggesting the occurrence of some local contamination. The mean total metal concentrations in sediments decreased in the order Mn 〉 Zn 〉 Cu 〉 Cr = Pb 〉 Cd for the sample locations. Most of the heavy metals were not in a bioavailable form as the concentrations of extractable metals were relatively low (〈 1% of total metals). Pb, Cr and Cd were not detected in leaf samples. Leaf C, N, P and K contents were similar between the two species and no significant difference was found among locations, although A. corniculatum seemed to have lower Mn concentrations than K. candel. With reference to temporal variations, no significant difference in sediment concentrations of some nutrients and metals was found between the spring and autumn seasons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029122
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of synthethic waster on young Kandelia candel plants growing under greenhouse conditions (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 295 (1995), S. 263-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Mangrove ; Kandelia candel ; seedling ; growth ; wastewater ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment wad performed to evaluate the effects of synthethic wastewater in three different strengths, NW, MW and CW, on the growth of the one-year old Kandelia candel (L.) Druce plants. NW had the characteristics and strength similar to natural municipal wastewater while MW and CW contained five and ten times of the nutrients and heavy metals in NW, respectively. Artificial seawater was used as the control. During one year wastewater treatment experiment, Kandelia were found to withstand wastewater of high strength and toxic symptoms were not detected in all plants. Synthethic wastewater with strength similar to the natural municipal sewage (NW) stimulated plant growth. The plants treated with NW had significantly higher aerial and root biomass, taller stem than those found in the CW, MW and the control. Maximum growth, in terms of both stem height and total biomass, of all plants occured in summer months, from June to September. With respect to the physiological and biochemical activities, CW and MW treated plants had significantly lower levels of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyl and catalase activity than those found in NW and control groups. In contrast, the proline content of plants treated with wastewater was similar to that of the control. These result suggest that normal wastewater (NW), attributed to its nutrients and trace elements, enhanced plant growth. The medium (MW) and concentrated wastewater (CW) supported similar amount of plant growth as the control but the physiological and biochemical parametes indicate that these treated plants might have been exposed to some kind of stress, probably due to the heavy metals present in MW and CW.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029133
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