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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Childbearing at older age and endometrial cancer risk (Sweden) (1999)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 10 (1999), S. 43-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: age at birth ; case-control ; endometrial cancer ; parity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: Several studies have found an inverse association between older age at last birth and endometrial cancer risk. A nested case-control study was undertaken to examine the influence of this and other aspects of reproductive patterns on the risk of developing endometrial cancer. Methods: Among women born in 1925 and later, 4,839 eligible patients were identified in the Swedish Cancer Register. For each case, five individually age-matched controls were randomly selected from a population-based Fertility Register. Relative risks were estimated from odds ratios obtained from conditional logistic regression analyses. Results: Compared to uniparous women, childless women were at a higher risk of endometrial cancer (odds ratio [OR]=1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.25–1.52). This association was stronger in younger (〈50 years) than in older (50+ years) women. At all ages of first birth, a delivery was associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer that slowly diminished with time. Among parous women, the risk decreased by almost 20% for each additional live birth (OR=0.81, CI=0.78–0.84). In an analysis limited to women with two or more births that compared the independent effects of age at first and at last birth, only older age at last birth was associated with a lowered risk of endometrial cancer. The risk decreased at a rate of about 15% per five-year delay of last birth. Conclusions: Endometrial cancer is often referred to as the prototype hormonally-determined disease in women. However, our findings give further support to the hypothesis that a birth may not only affect risk through hormonal influences, but possibly also through mechanical shedding of cells that have undergone malignant transformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008860615584
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epidemiologic correlates of breast cancer laterality (Sweden) (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 510-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; invasive ; laterality ; pre-invasive ; Sweden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Breast cancer laterality was studied in relation to age in 80,784 cases of invasive and 3,835 cases of pre-invasive breast cancer in women and 548 cases of invasive breast cancer in men reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry, 1970–89. In a subset of 11,274 women with invasive disease, data on parity were available through the Swedish Fertility Registry. Laterality also was evaluated in relation to age and reproductive variables in 3,986 cases from an international study from the 1960s. The overall incidence of pre-invasive and invasive cancer was higher in the left than in the right breast among both women and men. The excess incidence of invasive cancer in the left breast was evident only after the age of 45 years in women; a similar phenomenon may exist with pre-invasive disease in women and in men. The age-dependent laterality pattern did not appear to be confounded by menopausal status. Among women younger than 45 years, nulliparity, right handedness, and late age at menarche was associated with a somewhat higher incidence of cancer in the right breast. The laterality findings are likely to be due to factors operating early in the carcinogenic process, perhaps at the pre-initiation stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01831378
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydatidiform moles and the long-term risk of breast cancer (Sweden) (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 117-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: breast cancer ; cohort ; hydatidiform
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: The etiology of breast cancer is only partially understood. Based on the findings that pregnancies reduce breast cancer risk, a possible inverse association between exposure to the placental hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and the risk of breast cancer has been suggested. Hydatidiform mole, a gestational trophoblastic disease, is associated with a high expression of hCG. We performed a population-based cohort study in which women with a history of hydatidiform mole were followed up for future cancer outcomes. Methods: All 3371 women with a notification of hydatidiform mole in the Swedish Cancer Registry between 1958 and 1993 were followed up for future cancer outcomes by record linkages within the registry. Results: In a total of 57,075 person-years of follow-up, 59 women had a diagnosis of breast cancer during follow-up, yielding an overall standardized incidence ratio of 1.3 (95% CI 1.0–1.7). Conclusion: This finding is not consistent with the hypothesis of a protective effect of hCG exposure on breast cancer risk, but rather suggests an adverse association.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008915217389
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maternal risk of breast cancer following multiple births: a nationwide study in Sweden (1996)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 7 (1996), S. 533-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast neoplasms ; multiple births ; pregnancy ; Sweden ; twinning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The association between multiple births and subsequent maternal breast cancer risk was explored in a nested case-control study in Sweden encompassing 19,368 parous women with breast cancer diagnosed up to age 65 years, and 100,459 parous controls. Among cases and controls, there were 329 and 2,031 women, respectively, with a history of at least one live multiple birth. Compared with singleton mothers, breast cancer risk was 12 percent lower (odds ratio=0.088, 95 percent confidence interval=0.78–0.99) in women who had had a multiple birth. After stratification for age at diagnosis, evidence of a significant inverse association was found only in women aged 54 years or younger. Birth order of the multiple pregnancy had no apparent risk-modifying effect. Age at earliest multiple birth was unrelated to breast cancer risk. The inverse association between twinning and breast cancer risk may reflect protective physiological features of twin pregnancies. Further research is needed to investigate the role, if any, of in creased levels of steroid hormone-binding globulins in mothers of twins and the proposed inhibitory effects of human chorionic gonadotropin and α-fetoprotein, both of which are increased during multiple gestations, on breast carcinogenesis. Breast feeding patterns in mothers of twins also may modify their risk of developing breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051886
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parity, age at first and last birth, and risk of breast cancer: A population-based study in Sweden (1996)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 38 (1996), S. 305-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: age at birth ; breast cancer ; epidemiology ; reproductive factors ; risk factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Associations between parity and the risk of breast cancer, and the relative importance of age at first and age at last birth on breast cancer risk, were estimated in a case-control study nested in a nation-wide cohort of Swedish women born between 1925 and 1960. A total of 12,782 women with breast cancer and five times as many individually age-matched controls, aged less than 60 years with concomitant fertility information, were included in the analysis. Increasing parity was associated with a pronounced decrease in the risk of breast cancer with each additional birth conferring a 10 percent risk reduction (odds ratio 0.90 [95% CI 0.88–0.91]). In an analysis limited to women with two or more parities, and after adjustment for the effects of ages at interim births, the risk of breast cancer increased by about 13 percent for each five-year increment in age at first birth (odds ratio 1.13 [1.08–1.19]). For every five year-increase in age at last birth there was a small risk increase of marginal statistical significance (odds ratio 1.05 [1.01–1.09]). The present findings contradict recent claims that age at last birth has a stronger effect than age at first birth on breast cancer risk. The dominance of age at first birth as risk modulator is likely to reflect the protection afforded by the terminal differentiation of breast cells induced by a first pregnancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806150
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parity and risk of thyroid cancer: a nested case-control study of a nationwide Swedish cohort (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 6 (1995), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Histology ; nested case-control study ; parity ; Sweden ; thyroid cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The association between parity and risk of thyroid cancer was examined in a case-control study nested within a cohort of Swedish women born 1925–60. A total of 1,409 cases of thyroid cancer were compared with 7,019 agematched controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) were calculated as estimates of relative risk. A weak association was found between parity and risk of thyroid cancer (OR for ever-parous women cf nulliparous was 1.1, CI=1.0–1.3). For the subset of papillary cancers, there was a significantly increased risk (OR for ever-parous cf nulliparous = 1.3, CI=1.0–1.6), and among women diagnosed at the age of 50 or older, there was a positive linear trend with increasing number of livebirths. Women during the first year after a livebirth had an increased risk of thyroid cancer compared with women who delivered 10 or more years before; this association was most prominent among uniparous women (OR=2.5, CI=1.1–5.9). An increased risk was also apparent for age over 20 years at livebirth (among uniparous women) and age over 25 years at last livebirth (among multiparous women). A negligible effect of parity on thyroid cancer risk was seen, but each livebirth may have a short-term and age-dependent promoting effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051679
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