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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prolactinoma coexistent with granulomatous hypophysitis (1983)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 61 (1983), S. 253-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Pituitary adenoma ; Prolactinoma ; Granulomatous hypophysitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 54-year-old man with a long-lasting left-sided headache and biochemical evidence of hyperprolactinemia was found to have a large chromophobe pituitary adenoma, which concurred with a granulomatous hypophysitis. The mechanism of the inflammatory reaction is discussed and the immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings of this hitherto undescribed combination of lesions are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691994
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capillary size and density in the cerebral cortex of rats with a porto-caval anastomosis (1977)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 40 (1977), S. 117-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Brain cortex ; Brain capillaries ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Porto-caval anastomosis ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphometric investigation by automatic image analysis of alkaline phosphatase positive brain capillaries was performed in control rats and in rats with a 30 days old porto-caval anastomosis. Rats with a porto-caval anastomosis showed an increased capillary diameter Di and as a consequence of this a decreased capillary surface-to-volume ratio Si/Vi. The free capillary distance was increased and the capillary length per unit brain volume LVi was decreased in the shunted rats compared to the controls. There was no difference in the percentage of the projected capillary area $$A_{A_i }$$ % between the two groups. It is suggested that the dilatation of the capillaries in rats with a porto-caval anastomosis is caused by the altered haemodynamic properties with a low mean blood pressure although the cardiac output is increased and that the alteration in free capillary distance and length per unit brain volume LVi is caused by dispersion by cortical edema induced by the porto-caval anastomosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688699
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The blood-brain barrier to horseradish peroxidase at the onset of bicuculline-induced seizures in hypothalamus, pallidum, hippocampus, and other selected regions of the rabbit (1986)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 69 (1986), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Epileptic seizures ; Pinocytosis ; Hypothalamus ; Pallidum ; Hippocampus ; Septum ; Thalamus ; Periaque-ductal gray ; Cerebellar cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rabbits were subjected to bicuculline-induced generalized seizures of 15-min duration to elucidate the mechanism by which the macromolecule horseradish peroxidase (HRP) traverses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in specific brain areas. Transendothelial pinocytosis at the level of arterioles was the main route of passage. In addition, in thalamus and hippocampus pinocytotic vesicles were observed in capillaries. In thalamus, hypothalamus and septum vesicles in the endothelium of venules were also present. Repeatedly, pinocytotic vesicles were ejecting their content into the interendothelial clefts, so that the presence of HRP reaction product between adjacent tight junctions cannot be considered a conclusive evidence for their opening. The HRP, which had reached the neuropil due to the seizure-evoked BBB opening, accumulated in the interstitial spaces and penetrated the synaptic cleft. Uptake of the tracer in vesicular form into presynaptic boutons, presumably excitatory ones as diagnosed by their ultrastructural features, was observed in all brain regions. The uptake was rare in septum, periaqueductal gray, hypothalamus, and cerebellar cortex; frequent in pallidum, hippocampus, and medulla oblongata; and very intense in thalamus. Uptake in postsynaptic dendrites was present mostly in the vicinity of boutons. Incorporation into glial processes was rare and confined to perivascular astrocytes. It is suggested, that HRP traverses the BBB by regionally selective, transmitter-controlled pinocytotic transport and that the neuronal uptake of the foreign protein is at least partially dependent on the involvement of synapses of particular brain regions in the paroxysmal activity during the generalized seizures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687032
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The permeability of the blood-brain barrier and cell membranes to horseradish peroxidase in hyperammonaemia (1981)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 54 (1981), S. 293-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Cell membranes ; Hyperammonaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The permeability of the blood-brain barrier and of the cell membranes to intravenously (i.v.) injected horseradish peroxidase was investigated in rats after 4 days with urease-induced hyperammonaemia. Increased permeability across the vessels was not observed. The endothelial tight junctions were intact, and the clefts between adjacent endothelial cells were devoid of reaction product. A few vesicles containing horseradish peroxidase could be seen in the cytoplasm of the endothelium. Diffuse dispersion of tracer in the cytoplasm was not found. Reaction product was demonstrated in the subendothelial basement membranes of a few arteriolar segments, as under normal conditions. With the purpose of examining the cell membranes, peroxidase was infused in other rats into the cerebral ventricles via a stab wound followed by examination of the contralateral hemisphere. With the exception of a few vesicles and caveolae, intracellular distribution of the reaction product was not observed. Horseradish peroxidase was located in the entire extracellular space beneath the ependyma and pia and in the basement membranes of several vessels. Reaction product was also observed in endothelial vescles, close to or in contact with the basement membrane. In addition, peroxidase could occur on the luminal surface of the endothelial cells. It is concluded that the permeability properties to horseradish peroxidase of the blood-brain barrier, as well as of the cell membranes, are unchanged in rats exposed to urease-induced hyperammonaemia for 4 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697003
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of recurrence in meningiomas after surgical treatment (1983)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 61 (1983), S. 130-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Meningiomas ; Recurrence rate ; Automatic image analysis ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The prognostic significance of nuclear count, nuclear area fraction, and mean nuclear area estimated by automatic image analysis was evaluated in benign meningiomas. One hundred thirty-two meningiomas without recurrences, 39 meningiomas that recurred, and 40 first recurrences were examined. The tumors were classified according to age and eex of patients, localization, and histology; and the correlation between these parameters and the recurrence rate was assessed. The nuclear counts were identical in paraffin sections from meningiomas without recurrences (6.1 nuclei per 1,000 μm2) and in meningiomas that recurred (6.4 nuclei per 1,000 μm2). The cell count in the recurrences (7.4 nuclei per 1,000 μm2) was higher than in the primary tumors. The same relationship was found for the nuclear area fractions, which were identical in primary meningiomas without recurrences and in meningiomas that recurred. The nuclear area fraction was increased in recurrences. The mean nuclear areas were identical in all groups. The histological type was of little significance in prediction of recurrence rate, although bone invasion and necrosis were of some significance. We found a higher recurrence rate in parasagittal meningiomas. Meningiomas that recurred appeared in a younger age group than other meningiomas, and the recurrence rate was higher for males than for females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697392
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shrinkage in preparatory steps for SEM (1981)
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 215 (1981), S. 233-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Since specular microscopy of the cornea offers the opportunity to observe and measure cells in vivo without any outside interference this method forms an unrivalled basis for estimation of tissue shrinkage during various preparatory methods. Therefore a study was performed with the purpose of evaluating the degree of artifacts in each preparatory step from the living tissue “in vivo” to the final SEM specimen. The study was performed on rabbit corneas, the endothelium serving as measuring target. The in vivo state was recorded by specular microscopy. Unfixed corneas were studied by light microscopy unstained and stained by alizarin red S or silver nitrate. Fixation was performed intracamerally with 1.5% glutaraldehyde (Gla) by a pH, osmolarity, viscosity and intraocular pressure identical with the physiological values of rabbit eyes. Fixation was completed by immersion in 2.5% Gla for 1/2 h. Gla-fixed corneas were evaluated as above before osmification. Dehydration was performed either by graded acetone, by acetone in a gradient-free system, both followed by critical point drying (CPD). At all steps cells were counted using the same reference frame. The number of cells/mm2 was estimated and statistical analysis showed a shrinkage of 22 per cent (area) in unfixed tissue, 26 per cent (area) in normally dehydrated tissue and 37 per cent (area) in gradient free dehydrated tissue processed for SEM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00407662
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pressure volume relationship of the renal pelvis in total obstruction in pigs (1983)
    Springer
    Urological research 11 (1983), S. 251-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Pelvic pressure ; Total obstruction ; Compliance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The renal pelvic pressure/volume relationship was investigated in 8 pigs with a 10-week total unilateral obstruction. The pressure in the totally obstructed pelves was significantly increased to a mean value of 44 cm H2O (30.5–64). After emptying, the renal pelves were refilled continuously at a rate of 8 cc per minute to a maximal pressure of 80 cm H2O. The relationship between pressure and volume showed a cystometric configuration. Capacity at the maximal pressure varied from 32 to 167 ml. The difference in capacity was not related to differences in the pelvic wall connective tissue fraction or the wall thickness. Neither was any relation between resting pressure and capacity found. The investigation demonstrates that total supposedly uniform obstructions exhibit a broad variation in complicance. The broad variation in compliance might be an important factor in the pathogenesis of progression in hydronephrosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256340
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peristalsis of the pyeloureter in pigs measured by videodensitometry (1983)
    Springer
    Urological research 11 (1983), S. 255-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Videodensitometry ; Pyeloureteral peristalsis ; Bolus volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The peristaltic activity of the upper urinary tract was investigated by means of a simple videodensitometric system. Through a transparenchymally placed catheter contrast medium was infused into the renal pelvis with perfusion rates increasing from 1 to 15 ml/min. Sequences of 3–5 min were recorded by means of a Siemens image amplifier on videotape for later analysis. Photodiodes were placed on the screen over the calyces, renal pelvis and ureter at a distance of 5 cm. An amplifying system and a UV recorder were used for registration. Peristaltic frequency, transmission velocity and average bolus volume were measurable in 8 out of 10 pyeloreteral units. Additionally, calyceal activity was detectable in one case. The tracings obtained by videodensitometry were reproducible and easy to analyse. Conversion of videorecordings to analogue signals for analysis might be a possible future clinical diagnostic method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256341
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Childhood medulloblastoma in Denmark 1960–1984 A population-based retrospective study (1999)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 29-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Medulloblastoma ; Childhood ; Brain tumours ; Epidemiology ; Prognosis ; Risk index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Medulloblastoma is a common paediatric brain tumour, located in the cerebellum and in the IV ventricle, surpassed in frequency only by astrocytomas. 180 children below the age of 15 with a medulloblastoma of the posterior fossa were treated in Denmark in the 25-year period from 1960 to 1984 and followed up until the end of 1996, or until death. During the 25 years they accounted for 20% of all intracranial tumours in children in Denmark. All tumours were histologically verified. The mean annual incidence was 6.4×10–6, decreasing slightly with a factor of 0.12×10–6 per year. The male/female ratio was 2.1 – twice that of the background population of children (1.05). The 5-year survival rate following diagnosis, surgery and radiotherapy was 23%, and the 25-year survival rate was 16%. The 5-year survival rate was 8% in the first 5-year period of 1960–1964, increasing to 36% in the last period 1980–1984. Presumably the increase in survival depends on many factors, e.g. improved diagnostic methods and neuroanaesthesia, better operative technique (microscope), improvements in radiotherapy and the introduction of chemotherapy. The best predictive factors of a good prognosis were preoperative CSF shunting, radical tumour removal and complete radiotherapy, i.e. irradiation of the brain, tumour bed and spinal cord. The survival rate in the last five-year period was seven times higher than the survival rate found in a comparable Danish study from the years 1935–1959. Most of the children followed Collins law of risk index. The results of treatment in children with medulloblastoma remain unsatisfactory. Accordingly, participation in international prospective studies of multimodal treatment should be encouraged, possibly using chemotherapy prior to surgery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003810050322
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