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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Vergleichsversuch mit Gruppen meist kurzflügliger Nymphen vonCryptotermes brevis, die entweder aus Amerika oder Australien stammten, ergab signifikante Unterschiede in der Bildung von Ersatzgeschlechstieren in Abhängigkeit von Herkunft der Termiten, Gruppenzusammensetzung und/oder Haltungsbedingungen (insbesondere der Holzdarbietung). Die Unterschiede zeigten sich hauptsächlich in der Zeit, die benötigt wurde, auf Verwaisung zu reagieren. Australische Gruppen bildeten mehr überzählige Neotene als solche aus Amerika, letztere erlitten jedoch grössere Verluste an Nymphen in der Phase der Bildung von Ersatzgeschlechtstieren. In beiden Gruppen überlebte zum Schluss eine etwa gleich grosse Anzahl von Nymphen (neben einem neotenen Paar), jedoch unterschied sich für beide der Mechanismus, mit dem die Zahlen reguliert wurden. Offenbar erlaubten die australischen Gruppen einen höheren Ausdruck des Neotenen-Potentials und die Bestandsregulierung (über das Töten überzähliger Ersatzgeschlechtstiere) setze einnachdem sich die Nymphen in Neotene gehäutet hatten. In amerikanischen Gruppen erfolgte die Bestandsregulierung (durch Abtöten sich differenzierender Nymphen)bevor die Nymphen sich häuteten. Offenbar konnte keine der beiden Gruppen Nymphen davor hindern, überhaupt zu Neotenen determiniert zu werden. Erfolg oder Misserfolg von Haltungsbedingungen und Gruppenzusammensetzung die Erfordernisse für verschiedene Termitenarten zu bieten, unter denen die Kontrollmechanismen voll wirksam werden, mit denen die Zahl der Hätungen in Neotene so niedrig wie möglich gehalten wird, beeinflussen deutlich das Ergebnis solcher Versuche. Vergleiche zwischen Arten sind mit Vorsicht zu ziehen.
    Notes: Summary A comparative experiment with groups of mostly brachypterous nymphs ofCryptotermes brevis, originating either in America or Australia, revealed significant differences in neotenic production attributable to termite source, group composition, and/or maintenance conditions (especially those involving timber presentation). The differences were mainly in the time required to respond to being orphaned. Australian groups produced more supernumerary neotenics than American ones, but the latter suffered a higher nymphal mortality during the phase of neotenic production. In both groups approximately the same number of surviving nymphs (plus the neotenic pair) resulted, but the mechanisms for regulating the numbers were different in the two. Apparently the Australian groups allowed a higher expression of the neotenic potential, and regulation (via the killing of supernumary neotenics) occurredafter the nymphs had moulted into neotenics. In American groups, regulation (through the killing of differentiating nymphs occurredbefore the nymphs underwent ecdysis. Neither of the groups apparently could prevent nymphs from becoming determined toward neotenics. The success or failure of maintenance conditions and group composition in simulating the requirements of different termite species for effective operation of the control mechanisms to keep the number of termites moulting into neotenics as low as possible, clearly influences the outcome of such experiments and dictates caution in making species comparisons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Termites, polymorphism, sex ratio, evolution, Australia.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Coptotermes is a widespread and economically important genus, but essential features of its caste system remain poorly known. In the Australian species, C. lacteus (Froggatt, 1898), Lenz and Runko (1993) found that orphaned colonies, headed by nymphoid replacement reproductives, produce all year round a brood of nymphs which is almost exclusively male. A detailed study of castes in colonies of C. lacteus headed by primary reproductives was thus desirable, firstly as a fundamental contribution to the understanding of caste evolution in Rhinotermitidae, secondly to provide a sound basis for further studies of sex allocation patterns in this species. After two larval instars without visible differentiation, the development of C. lacteus forks with an apterous line diverging from the nymphal line. The nymphal line comprises 6 nymphal instars followed by the alate. The apterous line includes at least 8, possibly up to 11 worker instars. Among workers of instars 1 – 3, females tend to be sligthtly larger than males, but this sexual dimorphism disappears in older instars. Soldiers are monomorphic and seem to derive exclusively from old female workers. The sex ratio is near 1 : 1 in larvae and young or middle-aged workers, but the oldest worker cohort becomes depleted in females as these moult to presoldiers. Except for the all-femaleness of the soldier caste, the caste pattern of C. lacteus is similar to that of Reticulitermes species and probably close to the ancestral pattern for termites that possess a distinct worker caste.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 40 (1993), S. 439-456 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Isoptera ; Rhinotermitidae ; Coptotermes ; queen replacement ; sex ratio ; unseasonal nymph production ; colony survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Colonies ofCoptotermes lacteus (Froggatt) from a site in coastal south-eastern Australia were experimentally orphaned in early 1989. Sample colonies were examined 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 or 30 months later for their caste composition, the presence of replacement reproductives and brood. All replacement reproductives were nymphoid neotenics. The number of functional (physogastric) females ranged from 1 to 27; this variability was maintained irrespective of the length of time between orphaning and inspection of the colonies. The average live mass of individual females stayed at 30 to 40 mg over the period of 6 to 30 months after orphaning in groups of more than five neotenic queens, but increased from 38 mg three months after orphaning to about 125 mg after 24 months in colonies headed by fewer than five neotenic females. The combined live mass of neotenic females could approach or even exceed that of primary queens. Two key features characterized experimentally and naturally orphaned, neotenic-headed colonies: (1) Nymphs differentiated in significant numbers all year round for a period of at least 30 months right from the time neotenics commenced breeding (in primary-headed colonies nymph production is strictly seasonal). (2) All or most nymphs were males (in primary-headed colonies the sex ratio of nymphs is more or less balanced). The mechanism(s) for achieving the male-biased sex ratio is (are) unknown. Even when colonies have resumed breeding with the help of neotenics, colony survival is not guaranteed. Under such circumstances the gene pool is best preserved if colonies were to raise and release large numbers of alates as potential founders of new colonies. By producing largely male nymphs orphaned colonies ensure outbreeding and may prevent competition (and its disruptive impact an breeding) between existing reproducing neotenic queens and newly differentiating female neotenics. Competition between male neotenics is unlikely to have any impact on the rate of brood production and therefore would not require a mechanism to prevent it from occurring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 24 (1998), S. 147-151 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Volume replacement ; Colloids ; Crystalloids ; Intensive care unit ; Albumin ; Hydroxyethylstarch ; Gelatin ; Survey ; Critically ill ; Costs ; Questionnaire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To assess volume replacement strategies on intensive care units (ICUs) in Germany. Design: A postal survey questionnaire of 18 questions was sent to 451 ICUs in Germany. The questionnaire was sent to general, surgical, anesthesiology, neurosurgery, cardiac surgery, and medical ICUs of hospitals with more than 200 beds. Results: 286 questionnaires (64 %) were returned and analysed. Hydroxyethylstarch (HES) solution is the solution most often used for volume replacement (total: 193 ICUs, exclusively HES: 93 ICUs), crystalloids are next (crystalloids exclusively: 61 ICUs), and human albumin is used rarely as a first choice. Clinical experience is a very important argument for administering volume. Diagnostic tools, e. g. measurement of central venous pressure or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, also play an important role. Albumin/total protein and colloid osmotic pressure (COP) are measured often on ICUs (albumin measured routinely: 173 ICUs; COP measured routinely: 33 ICUs). Critical values for albumin/total protein are defined in most ICUs. Reduced plasma levels of albumin/total protein was the indication most often cited for administering human albumin. Only 149 ICUs (52 %) have a financial budget for their unit. Costs still do not play a major role in the choice of volume replacement on 30 ICUs (10 %). Conclusions: The kind of volume therapy differs widely among the different ICUs. This questionnaire supported the supposition that no standards exist for volume therapy in intensive care patients. New results concerning the abuse of albumin in the critically ill have not yet influenced strategies of volume replacement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European radiology 6 (1996), S. 362-368 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: pharynx, anatomy ; pharynx, CT ; pharynx, MR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This article reviews the anatomy of the oropharynx and oral cavity, as seen on CT and MR imaging studies. Emphasis is placed on the description and illustration of the structures which are of importance to detect tissue alterations and interprete them adequately. Common pitfalls in the image interpretation of this region are indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European radiology 6 (1996), S. 536-549 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Low-field MRI ; Dedicated MR system ; Knee
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the age of health care cost containment new imaging technology has to meet diagnostic requirements as well as economic limitations. In the MR sector new dedicated systems promise reliable diagnostic information at considerably lower costs than whole-body imagers. Within the past 18 months we have examined 2200 patients with acute and chronic lesions of peripheral joints (knee, ankle, foot, elbow, wrist, hand) in a 0.2T dedicated MR system (ARTOSCAN, Esaote Biomedica, Genoa, Italy). We report our experience with this system focusing on its special features, cost-effectiveness and on diagnostic accuracy of low-field MR studies of the knee in correlation with arthroscopy and in comparison with high-field whole-body imagers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 42 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 42 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method (lethality-Fourier number method) for calculating the center point sterilizing value of a thermal process applied to conduction-heating foods was developed by combining first-order destruction kinetics with the Arrhenius equation and dimensionalizing this equation. The temperature profile used in the Arrhenius equation is the theoretical center point temperature profile for heating and cooling of a finite cylinder. These temperature profiles were experimentally verified as adequate models. This verification procedure also produced estimates of the variation in the thermal properties or heating rates of conduction-heating foods. The final equation is numerically integrated to give charts of dimensionless lethality versus dimensionless time with dimensionless activation energy as a parameter. The method compares favorably with sterilizing values obtained from the Improved General Method and the Formula Method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 38 (1973), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The unsteady-state differential equations for conduction heating were solved for the heat/hold process. The heat/hold process consists of heating the food to a certain mass average temperature and then adiabatically holding the piece until the desired reactions are complete. Charts for predicting the center and mass average temperatures for three basic geometries (infinite cylinders, infinite slabs and spheres) are presented along with methods to combine these solutions for other geometries. The use of these charts in blanching situations is shown
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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