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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 118 (1998), S. 427-430 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words H-reflex ; Interlimb coordination ; Voluntary movement ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In 12 subjects, each sitting on an armchair with the right forearm prone, the H-reflex elicited in the resting flexor carpi radialis muscle underwent cyclic excitability changes correlated with rhythmic flexion-extension movements of the ipsilateral foot (frequency of oscillations between 1.5 and 2.5 Hz). During foot plantar flexion, the H-reflex underwent a clear-cut increase, the maximum facilitation falling, in most subjects, within the second half of that phase; then, a gradual reduction in size led the reflex amplitude back to the initial value at the end of foot dorsal extension. If present also when the wrist and the ankle are moved together, this facilitation should favour the in-phase (isodirectional) association between movements and, conversely, hinder the anti-phase coupling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Italian journal of neurological sciences 20 (1999), S. S265 
    ISSN: 1126-5442
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neurophysiological methods, such as electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials, are useful tools in the investigation of brain cognitive function in normal and pathological conditions, with an excellent time resolution when compared to that of other functional imaging techniques. Advanced techniques using a high number of EEG channels also enable a good spatial resolution to be achieved. This, together with the possibility of integration with other anatomical and functional images, may increase the ability to localize brain functions. Spectral analysis of the resting EEG, which gives information on the integrity of the cortical and subcortical networks involved in the generation of cortical rhythms, has the limitation of low sensitivity and specificity for the type of cognitive impairment. In almost all types of dementia, decreased power of the high frequencies is indeed observed in mild stages, accompanied by increased power of the slow rhythms in the more advanced phases. The sensitivity for the detection of spectral abnormalities is improved by studying centroid modifications. More specific information on the type of dementia can be provided by coherence analysis of the resting EEG, a measure of functional cortico-cortical connections, which has different abnormal patterns in Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular dementia and dementia associated with multiple sclerosis. Another tool for improving the assessment of demented patients is the study of EEG activity related to particular tasks, such as event-related potentials and event-related desynchronization/synchronization of the EEG, which allow the study of brain activation during cognitive and motor tasks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Multiple sclerosis ; EEG ; Coherence Movement-related potentials ; Reaction time ; Cognitive impairment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Il coinvolgimento cognitivo è una frequente complicanza della sclerosi multipla (SM), generalmente come demenza sottocorticale. Al fine di valutare le connessioni funzionali cortico-corticali nella SM, abbiamo studiato la coerenza dell'elettroencefalogramma (EEG) in un gruppo di 21 pazienti con SM clinicamente deftnita. I pazienti sono stati inoltre sottoposti a risonanza magnetica (RM) e valutazione neuropsicologica. I pazienti con deficit cognitivi presentavano, rispetto ai pazienti senza deficit, una riduzione della coerenza di banda alfa e theta, nelle derivazioni a breve e a lunga distanza. La coerenza anteroposteriore ed interemisferica era significativamente correlata col cortco lesionale RM immediatamente sottostante la corteccia e non con le lesioni periventricolari. Questi dati supportano l'ipotesi the il coinvolgimento cognitivo nella sclerosi multipla sia principalmente correlato a demielinizzazione o perdita assonale delle connessioni cortico-corticali. In un altro studio abbiamo valutato i correaaai neuropsicologici dei deficit frontali. I lobi frontali hanno un ruolo fondamentale nella programmazione ed esecuzione del movimento. Abbiamo valutato il potenziale movimento-correlato (MRP) in pazienti SM con e senza deficit frontali. Il tempo di reazione manuale al test di Stroop, the valuta le funzioni esecutive, e le componenti del MRP erano ritardate in entrambi i gruppi di pazienti rispetto ai soggetti normali e nei pazienti frontali rispetto ai non frontali. Questi dati suggeriscono the il coinvolgimento cognitivo frontale nella SM corrisponde a un'alterazione dell'attività bioelettrica anche durante un compito motorio semplice.
    Notes: Abstract Cognitive impairment is a frequent complication of multiple sclerosis (MS), generally reflecting subcortical dementia. In order to explore functional cortico-cortical connections in MS, we studied electroencephalogram (EEG) coherence in a group of 21 clinically defined MS patients. Patients also underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychological examinations. Compared to unimpaired MS patients, cognitively involved patients had reduced short-distance and long-distance theta and alpha band coherencies. Anteroposterior and interhemispheric coherencies were significantly correlated with MRI lesion load immediately underlying cortex but not were exclusively associated with periventricular lesions. These data support the hypothesis that cognitive impairment in MS is mostly related to demyelination or axonal loss of cortico-cortical connections. In a second study, we evaluated the neurophysiological correlates of frontal lobe dysfunction. Frontal lobes are also involved in motor planning and execution. We evaluated the EEG movement-related potential (MRP) in MS patients with and without frontal neuropsychological deficits. Reaction times to the Stroop test, which evaluates frontal functions, and MRP components were delayed in both MS groups compared to normal subjects and in frontal compared to nonfrontal MS patients. These data suggest that frontal cognitive involvement in MS corresponds to abnormal bioelectrical activity also during simple motor tasks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 21 (2000), S. S889 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Key words Evoked potentials ; Multiple sclerosis ; Monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The usefulness of evoked potentials (EPs) in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is limited by its relatively low sensitivity to subclinical lesions. However, they are still a good tool to assess the integrity of afferent and efferent pathways and to quantify the severity of white matter involvement. Transversal and longitudinal studies have demonstrated good correlation between EP abnormalities and disability, suggesting that multimodal evoked potentials could be useful in monitoring the disease evolution in single patients and as surrogate end points in clinical trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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