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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute myelopathy of unknown aetiology: a clinical, neurophysiological and MRI study of short-and long-term prognostic factors (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 242 (1995), S. 497-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Acute myelopathy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Evoked potentials ; Multiple sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Brain and spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), multimodal evoked potentials (EPs) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis were performed in 27 patients with acute myelopathy of unknown aetiology (AMUA), to detect the diagnostic and prognostic values of paraclinical tests at presentation. Spinal cord MRI was abnormal in 56% and brain MRI in 33% of the patients. Visual EPs were abnormal in 7%, median somatosensory EPs in 17%, tibial somatosensory EPs in 56% and motor EPs in 35% of the cases examined. Brain-stem acoustic EPs were normal in all the patients. CSF oligoclonal bands (OBs) were detected in 30% of cases. The patients were divided into subgroups according to the short-term clinical outcome (complete, partial or absent recovery). There were no significant differences among the three groups as regards MRI findings. Patients with complete recovery showed a significantly lower frequency of tibial somatosensory EP and motor EP abnormalities. According to the paraclinical findings at onset and on the basis of a long-term clinical follow-up (mean duration 24 months), 6 patients were diagnosed as having clinically definite multiple sclerosis, while 21 did not develop further neurological disturbances. Only the presence of CSF OBs was significantly more frequent in patients with definite multiple sclerosis. Our study indicates that EPs exploring spinal cord function are more powerful than spinal MRI for predicting the short-term outcome of AMUA, while the combined use of brain MRI and CSF OBs has the highest negative predictive value for the subsequent development of clinically definite multiple sclerosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00867419
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic shielding of a large volume for an experiment on quasi free neutron oscillation
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: 253 (1986), S. 24-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0168-9002
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0168-9002(86)91121-6
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation between multimodal evoked potentials and magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 236 (1989), S. 4-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Multiple sclerosis ; Diagnosis ; Electrophysiological tests ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sixty multiple sclerosis (MS) patients (33 definite, 13 probale and 14 suspected were investigated by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), multimodality evoked potentials (EPs) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) electrophoresis. MRI abnormalities were found in 50 cases, while at least one abnormal evoked potential was detected in each of 52 cases. Brain-stem auditory evoked potentials were more sensitive than MRI for the detection of brainstem involvement. All the patients with oligoclonal bands had abnormal MRI and none of the patients with normal MRI had oligoclonal bands in the CSF. The number and the extent of MRI lesions were significantly correlated with the duration of disease and with the degree of disability. Our observations stress the importance of the combined use of MRI and EPs in detecting silent CNS lesions in MS patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314209
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute- and insidious-onset myelopathy of undetermined aetiology: contribution of paraclinical tests to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 237 (1990), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Multiple sclerosis ; Myelopathy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Evoked potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), multimodality evoked potentials (EPs) and cerebrospinal fluid examination were performed in 42 patients with myelopathy of undetermined aetiology in order to detect abnormalities usually related to multiple sclerosis (MS). Patients were divided into three groups: insidious-onset myelopathy with only motor signs (group A; 11 patients), with both motor and sensory signs (group B; 18 patients) and acute-onset myelopathy (group C; 13 patients). Multiple brain MRI lesions were found in 18 patients (2 of group A, 13 of group B and 3 of group C). Another 7 patients had a single white-matter lesion. Visual EPs were abnormal in 21 and brain-stem auditory EPs in 12 patients. Paraclinical tests supported the diagnosis of MS in 25 patients (60%) by showing subclinical brain abnormalities. Oligoclonal bands were found in 16 of these 25 patients. The findings strongly suggest a diagnosis of MS in the patients of group B.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314590
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ERPs in multiple sclerosis (1998)
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 19 (1998), S. S408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Multiple sclerosis ; Cognitive impairment ; Event-related potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Nella comprensione dei meccanismi fisiopatogenetici del disturbo cognitivo nella sclerosi multipla (SM), i potenziali evento correlati (ERPs) sono in grado di fornire informazioni sul timing dei processi cognitivi con risoluzione temporale dell'ordine dei millisecondi. La componente P300, da paradigma odd-ball visivo o acustico, costituisce l'ERP più ampiamente utilizzato nelle demenze di varia natura. Esiste concordanza della letteratura nel rilevare nei pazienti con SM, incrementi di latenza e riduzioni di ampiezza della P300, correlate con l'entità dei deficit cognitivi. In linea con tali risultati, in un studio su 54 pazienti, abbiamo riscontrato alterazioni di latenza della P300 strettamente correlate al grado di compromissione cognitiva e al grado di demielinizzazione della sostanza bianca. La valutazione della distribuzione topografica dell'onda aumentava la sensibilitd della metodica, con significativa riduzione del gradiente di attività nei settori cerebrali centro-anteriori, anche quando latenza e ampiezza risultavano normali. Considerando gli aspetti funzionali, la tomografia ad emissione di positroni (PET) è in grado di evidenziare un ridotto metabolismo correlato con la gravità del deterioramento cognitivo. Nel confronto con gli ERPs condotto su 30 pazienti e emerso un significativo ipometabolismo nel talamo e nelle regioni temporo-parieto-occipitali nel gruppo dei pazienti con P300 ] alterata rispetto al gruppo con P300 normale, suggerendo che la compromissione di aree specifiche, quali il talamo, è di fondamentale importanza per la genesi dell'onda.
    Notes: Abstract Involvement of cognitive functions is detectable in about 50% of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). One important element seems to be the interruption or temporal distortion of the cross-talk among cortical associative areas and between cortical and subcortical structures as a consequence of demyelination and axonal degeneration, as occurs in the so-called subcortical dementias. There is a general agreement among recent studies that P300 latency is prolonged and amplitude is reduced in MS. Altered scalp topographic distribution is also frequent. Similar results were found in 54 MS patients. Both early and late components resulted prolonged as observed in subcortical dementia. P300 abnormalities were correlated with neuropsychological findings and magnetic resonance imaging evidence of confluent periventricular lesions. Topographically, P300 was significantly decreased in amplitude over central-anterior regions. Considering the functional aspects of cognitive dysfunction, 30 definite MS patients were studied by positron emission tomography. All patients with metabolic thalamic involvement had P300 abnormalities. Moreover, in the abnormal P300 group, significant hypometabolism was found in thalamic and in temporo-parieto-occipital regions. These results suggest that impairment of specific areas such as the thalamus is fundamental in the correct genesis of this wave.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00539597
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EEG correlates of cognitive impairment in MS (1998)
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 19 (1998), S. S413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Multiple sclerosis ; EEG ; Coherence Movement-related potentials ; Reaction time ; Cognitive impairment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Il coinvolgimento cognitivo è una frequente complicanza della sclerosi multipla (SM), generalmente come demenza sottocorticale. Al fine di valutare le connessioni funzionali cortico-corticali nella SM, abbiamo studiato la coerenza dell'elettroencefalogramma (EEG) in un gruppo di 21 pazienti con SM clinicamente deftnita. I pazienti sono stati inoltre sottoposti a risonanza magnetica (RM) e valutazione neuropsicologica. I pazienti con deficit cognitivi presentavano, rispetto ai pazienti senza deficit, una riduzione della coerenza di banda alfa e theta, nelle derivazioni a breve e a lunga distanza. La coerenza anteroposteriore ed interemisferica era significativamente correlata col cortco lesionale RM immediatamente sottostante la corteccia e non con le lesioni periventricolari. Questi dati supportano l'ipotesi the il coinvolgimento cognitivo nella sclerosi multipla sia principalmente correlato a demielinizzazione o perdita assonale delle connessioni cortico-corticali. In un altro studio abbiamo valutato i correaaai neuropsicologici dei deficit frontali. I lobi frontali hanno un ruolo fondamentale nella programmazione ed esecuzione del movimento. Abbiamo valutato il potenziale movimento-correlato (MRP) in pazienti SM con e senza deficit frontali. Il tempo di reazione manuale al test di Stroop, the valuta le funzioni esecutive, e le componenti del MRP erano ritardate in entrambi i gruppi di pazienti rispetto ai soggetti normali e nei pazienti frontali rispetto ai non frontali. Questi dati suggeriscono the il coinvolgimento cognitivo frontale nella SM corrisponde a un'alterazione dell'attività bioelettrica anche durante un compito motorio semplice.
    Notes: Abstract Cognitive impairment is a frequent complication of multiple sclerosis (MS), generally reflecting subcortical dementia. In order to explore functional cortico-cortical connections in MS, we studied electroencephalogram (EEG) coherence in a group of 21 clinically defined MS patients. Patients also underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychological examinations. Compared to unimpaired MS patients, cognitively involved patients had reduced short-distance and long-distance theta and alpha band coherencies. Anteroposterior and interhemispheric coherencies were significantly correlated with MRI lesion load immediately underlying cortex but not were exclusively associated with periventricular lesions. These data support the hypothesis that cognitive impairment in MS is mostly related to demyelination or axonal loss of cortico-cortical connections. In a second study, we evaluated the neurophysiological correlates of frontal lobe dysfunction. Frontal lobes are also involved in motor planning and execution. We evaluated the EEG movement-related potential (MRP) in MS patients with and without frontal neuropsychological deficits. Reaction times to the Stroop test, which evaluates frontal functions, and MRP components were delayed in both MS groups compared to normal subjects and in frontal compared to nonfrontal MS patients. These data suggest that frontal cognitive involvement in MS corresponds to abnormal bioelectrical activity also during simple motor tasks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00539598
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cognitive function and neurophysiological evaluation in early-treated hypothyroid children (2000)
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 21 (2000), S. 307-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Key words Children ; Evoked potentials ; Congenital hypothyroidism ; Mental development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this study, we assessed congitive function and neurophysiological development in congenitally hypothyroid (CH) children. We performed a cross-sectional study at the outpatient Pediatric Clinic and Department of Neurophysiology at San Raffaele Hospital, Milan. The study enrolled 25 CH patients (6.00–10.83 years of age) detected by neonatal screening, and 34 healthy control children (4–11 years of age). Patients and controls had comparable scores at neuropsychological tests (WISC-R), and at auditory P300 tests. In contrast, we found significantly longer LLSEP latencies in CH patients (p 〈 0.03). CH patients treated 30 days after birth showed lower scores at neuropsychological tests, but not at neurophysiological tests, compared to patients who started the replacement therapy earlier. Patients with more severe fetal hypothyroidism (T4 levels at diagnosis ≤ 2 μg/dl) had lower neuropsychological scores, and similar neurophysiological results, compared with patients with moderate fetal hypothyroidism. The severity of fetal hypothyroidism and early treatment influence the mental outcome of CH patients. Neurophysiological results show that central nervous system damage occurs in some patients despite early treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100720070068
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FFT approximation in Alzheimer’s disease (1998)
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 19 (1998), S. 211-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: FFT dipole approximation ; Alzheimer’s disease ; Quantified EEG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Le modifificazioni elettroencefalografiche nella demenza di Alzheimer sono caratterizzate da un incremento di potenza delle bande di frequenza lente, da una diminuzione di potenza dell’attivitd alpha e da una modificata distribuzione topografica della potenza di tutte le bande di frequenza. In questo studio abbiamo utilizzato la tecnica dell’FFT approximation allo scopo di caratterizzate le eventuali modificazioni di localizzazione e di orientamento della sorgente del dipolo equivalente Belle frequenze delta, theta, alpha1, alpha2, beta1 e beta2 presenti nell’elettroencefalogramma di 20 pazienti con malattia di Alzheimer. I risultati sono stati confrontati con quelli ottenuti da un gruppo di controllo di pari età formato da 20 soggetti. Il confronto statistico fra i due gruppi (t-test) ha evidenziato nei pazienti Alzheimer una significativa modificazione della localizzazione della sorgente del dipolo lungo l’asse verticale. La modificazione è presente in 18 soggetti (90%) e interessa tutte le bande di frequenza. La banda alpha1, inoltre, presenta un significativo spostamento della sorgente del dipolo verso le regioni anteriori. È stata inoltre riscontrata nel gruppo di controllo una correlazione tra l’età e la superficializzazione della sorgente delle bande delta, theta, alpha1 e beta1.
    Notes: Abstract The electroencephalographic modifications that occur during the course of Alzheimer’s disease are characterised by an increase in the potential of low frequency bands, a diminution in the potential of alpha activity, and a change in the topographical distribution of the potential of all band frequencies. In this study, the fast Fourier transform (FFT) approximation was used to characterise modifications in the electroencephalogram location or orientation of the source of the dipole equivalent of the delta, theta, alpha1, alpha2, beta1 and beta2 frequencies in 20 with patients with Alzheimer’s disease and in a control group of 20 age-matched subjects. A statistical (t-test) comparison of the two groups revealed a significant change in the location of the dipolar source along the vertical axis in 18 (90%) of the patients; this change involved all the frequency bands. There was also a significant movement of the dipolar source of the alpha1 band towards the anterior regions. In addition, the control group showed that there was a significant correlation between age and a more surface expression of the source of the delta, theta, alphal and beta1 bands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02427603
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