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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro screening of novel treatments for Aphanomyces invadans (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 32 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Forty-nine compounds were tested in vitro for fungicidal activity against hyphae of the fish-pathogenic Oomycete fungus, Aphanomyces invadans. These comprised: (a) chemicals with previous reported activity against Oomycete fungi; (b) chemicals in use in Asia to treat ulcerative disease outbreaks; (c) commercial biocides and fungicides; (d) natural products with potential antimicrobial activity; and (e) surfactants tested separately and in combination with some of the above treatments. No compounds tested proved as effective as malachite green, but some low-toxicity natural compounds and particular surfactants showed potential for further studies. Some compounds that are currently in use in Asian aquaculture were shown to have no effect on A. invadans hyphae at recommended treatment rates. A range of compounds that demonstrated activity against the mycelium were selected for further testing in a zoospore motility assay. Lower treatment concentrations were required to inhibit zoospore motility than were required to inhibit hyphal growth. Zoospore activity ceased within 1 h of exposure to 2.5 parts per million (p.p.m.) coconut diethanol- amide; 1.25 p.p.m. propolis + 0.5 p.p.m. 13/6.5; 5 p.p.m. neem (Azadirachta siamensis) seed extract + 0.01 p.p.m. OP10; 20 p.p.m. tea tree (Melaleuca alternifloria) oil; and 25 p.p.m. D-limonene + 0.05 p.p.m. E-Z-MulseTM. The treated spores were shown to be non-viable in culture medium. Selected compounds were further tested for ability to inhibit zoospore production by A. invadans mycelium over a 72-h period. In toxicity trials, silver barb, Barbodes gonionotus (Bleeker), exposed to 2.5 p.p.m. coconut diethanolamide; 2.5 p.p.m. OP10; 0.5 p.p.m. E-Z-MulseTM; 20 p.p.m. neem seed extract + 0.5 p.p.m. OP10; and 5 p.p.m. D-limonene + 0.5 p.p.m. E-Z-MulseTM suffered no mortalities and no obvious behavioural changes. Similarly, rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), exposed to 25 p.p.m. propolis + 1 p.p.m. OP10; 10 p.p.m. neem seed extract + 0.01 p.p.m. 13/6.5; and 10 p.p.m. D-limonene + 0.01 p.p.m. OP10 suffered no mortalities and no obvious behavioural changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2001.00551.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative effects of various antibiotics, fungicides and disinfectants on Aphanomyces invaderis and other saprolegniaceous fungi (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 28 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Fifty-four isolates of various fish-pathogenic and saprophytic fungi were characterized in terms of their susceptibility to three antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin and oxolinic acid), three fungicides (malachite green, hydrogen peroxide and sodium chloride) and three disinfectants (an iodophore, sodium hypochlorite and a solution of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide). Aphanomyces invaderis, the fungus associated with the Asian fish disease epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS); other Aphanomyces isolates from the similar conditions redspot disease (RSD) and mycotic granulomatosis (MG); and the crayfish plague fungus, Aphanomyces astaci, were more sensitive to most of the chemical agents than the other fungi tested. Two compounds currently being considered for use in aquaculture, hydrogen peroxide and Proxitane 0510, are shown here to have some potential for fungicidal treatments and disinfection, respectively. The implications of this study with respect to the isolation, treatment and control of A. invaderis are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1997.00800.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of rhabdoviruses associated with epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) with respect to their structural proteins, cytopathology and serology (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Seven rhabdoviruses isolated from fish suffering from epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) were compared in terms of their morphology, cytopathogenicity, antigenic relatedness and structural polypeptide composition. All strains exhibited a bullet-shaped morphology, but the T9204 isolate was found to be longer and more variable in length than the other strains. Sixteen fish cell lines investigated showed some variation in susceptibility to each isolate, but the cytopathic changes induced by T9204 in SSN-2, RSN, GCP, ONP, FHM, AS and MUL lines were significantly different from the other isolates. Polyclonal antisera raised against the BPV, 20E and SL11 strains neutralized six isolates (BPV, 02, 19, 20E, A4 and SL11), but not T9204. Conversely, anti-T9204 serum only neutralized homologous virus. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that BPV, 02, 19, 20E, A4 and SL11 had virtually identical protein profiles, whereas T9204 differed both in the number of protein bands and in their migration pattern. Western blots of these gels identified the proteins specific to T9204 that reacted with anti-T9204 serum. Therefore, the isolates represent two distinct species of fish rhabdoviruses, but as yet, no causal relationship with EUS, or any other disease condition, has been established.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00246.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular characterization of the fish-pathogenic fungus Aphanomyces invadans (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Aphanomyces invadans (Saprolegniaceae) is a peronosporomycete fungus associated with the serious fish disease, epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS), also known as mycotic granulomatosis. In this study, interspecific relationships were examined between A. invadans isolates and other aquatic animal pathogenic Saprolegniaceae, and saprophytic Saprolegniaceae from EUS-affected areas. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms and sequences of ribosomal DNA confirmed that A. invadans is distinct from all other species studied. A sequence from the internal transcribed spacer region ITS1, unique to A. invadans, was used to design primers for a PCR-based diagnostic test. Intraspecific relationships were also examined by random amplification of polymorphic DNA using 20 isolates of A. invadans from six countries. The isolates showed a high degree of genetic homogeneity using 14 random ten-mer primers. This provides evidence that the fungus has spread across Asia in one relatively rapid episode, which is consistent with reports of outbreaks of EUS. Physiological distinctions between A. invadans and other Aphanomyces species based on a data set of 16 growth parameters showed remarkable taxonomic congruence with the molecular phylogeny.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00448.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathogenicity and culture studies comparing the Aphanomyces involved in epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) with other similar fungi (1997)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Pathogenicity and cultural experiments described here provide futher evidence that a distinct species of Aphanomyces is responsible for much of the characteristic pathology of epizootic ulceration syndrome (EUS). Zoospores from 58 fungal isolates were injected intramuscularly in snakehead fish, Channa striata (Bloch). These fungi comprised: Aphanomyces strains isolated from EUS-affected fish; saprophytic Aphanomyces, Achlya and Saprolegnia spp. from infected waters; and further saprolegniaceous fungi involved in other diseases of aquatic animals. Only the Aphanomyces strains isolated from fish affected by EUS, Australian red spot disease (already considered synonymous with EUS) or mycotic granulomatosis described from Japan were able to grow invasively through the fish muscle and produce the distinctive EUS lesions. In contrast to Aphanomyces astaci Schikora, the EUS-Aphanomyces was shown to be unable to infect noble crayfish, Astacus astacus L. The snakehead-pathogenic strains were further distinguished from all the other fungi under comparison by their characteristic temperature-growth profile and inability to grow on certain selective fungal media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.1997.d01-116.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in root penetration ability, osmotic adjustment and dehydration tolerance among accessions of rice adapted to rainfed lowland and upland ecosystems (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 120 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Drought is the major constraint limiting rainfed rice production. The ability of rice roots to penetrate compacted soils and therefore to increase water extraction capacity, osmotic adjustment and dehydration tolerance of leaves enables the plant to tolerate drought. Experiments were conducted to determine the extent of genetic variation in root penetration index, osmotic adjustment and dehydration tolerance among indica accessions adapted to rainfed lowlands as well as traditional varieties from rainfed uplands. Root penetration index was evaluated in a system using wax–petrolatum layers to simulate soil compaction. Osmotic adjustment and dehydration tolerance were studied under slow development of water stress. Substantial genetic variation was found for root penetration index, osmotic adjustment and dehydration tolerance among indica ecotypes from lowlands, and the study of several traditional varieties from uplands showed variation in root penetration index and related root traits. An indica accession, IR58821-23-B-1-2-1 had a high root penetration index of 0.38. The accessions, IR61079-33-1-2-2-3, IR62266-42-6-2 and IR63919-38-B-1 had high osmotic adjustment capacities (1.91, 1.90 and 1.78 MPa, respectively); IR61079-33-1-2-2-3 also had high dehydration tolerance. Good osmotic adjustment and dehydration tolerance were associated with poor root system. The traditional varieties ‘Kallurundaikar’ and ‘Norungan’ had higher root penetration indices (0.46 and 0.43, respectively), than even the japonica accessions. The study identified indica accessions and traditional varieties with superior root- and shoot-related drought resistance traits that could be used in breeding for drought resistance in rice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2001.00578.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A beam-bunching system for a tandem electrostatic accelerator using solid state circuitry
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Instruments and Methods 63 (1968), S. 93-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-554X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0029-554X(68)90308-X
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison and investigation of bone mineral density in opposing femora by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (1992)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 2 (1992), S. 274-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone density ; Femur ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) machine was used to measure the bone mineral density (BMD) of both femora in 760 female volunteers. Each volunteer completed a questionnaire and exclusion criteria were applied such that only 480 of these were considered normal subjects. The remaining 280 women failed to comply with the criteria and were considered ‘abnormal’; their BMD results were analysed separately. Two abnormal subgroups, one with previous long bone fractures and one with radiologically diagnosed osteopenia, were studied. BMD values for femoral neck, Ward's triangle and trochanter were compared between the two femora in all the above groups. No dominance relationship was found when comparing left to right femur, averaged over any population studied, but large differences were found between the femora in individual volunteers. There was a high correlation between BMD in opposing femora of 0.91, 0.91 and 0.84 for the femoral neck, Ward's triangle and trochanter respectively. However, in normal subjects the percentage variation in these regions ranged up to 34%, 64% and 80% respectively at the different femoral sites. In addition, the normal population was divided into two subgroups, one in which the density difference between the femora was large, and the other in which the difference was statistically insignificant. The analytical and anatomical variations between these two groups were investigated. Only part of the difference appeared to be due to analytical problems and it seems that there is a genuine difference in femoral density. Poor correlation for femoral neck percentage density difference was found with average BMD, age, height and weight in the normal population. This study concludes that a measurement of BMD in one femur can not reliably predict the BMD in the contralateral femur. It is therefore recommended that routine density measurements should include scanning of both femora.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01623182
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo and in vitro precision for bone density measured by dual-energy X-ray absorption (1991)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 1 (1991), S. 141-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Densitometer ; Osteoporosis ; Precision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An investigation was made into some of the major sources of error influencing the bone mineral density (BMD) measurements of the lumbar vertebrae, the femoral neck and the greater trochanter. The effect on accuracy and reproducibility of the following parameters was investigated: influence of patient positioning, patient size, scan speed, the technique of scan analysis and the temporal variation in instrument performance. The in vitro precision, both long-term and short-term, was assessed using aluminium phantoms supplied by the manufacturer. For the spine phantom, the precision expressed as a percentage coefficient of variation (%CV) was found to be 0.4% (10 scans) in the short term and 0.55% (15 scans) in the long term. Measured precision (short-term) for the three regions of the femur phantom analysed by the software was 1.3% for the neck of femur, 1.7% for Ward's triangle and 0.6% for the trochanter. Long-term precision was 1.0%, 1.9% and 1.1% respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between long- and short-term results. Short-term in vitro precision on a low density anthropological phantom was 4.1%, 4.2%, 2.4% and 0.61% for neck of femur, Ward's triangle, trochanter and spine respectively. In vivo short-term precision for the lumbar spine (L2–L4), measured by scanning four normal volunteers five times in one session, was found to be 0.8±0.25%. In vivo precision for the femur, measured on seven volunteers was 1.6±0.8% for the neck of femur, 3.2±1.7% for Ward's triangle and 2.2±1.1% for the trochanter. The variation in density results caused solely by analysis was investigated by analysing ten randomly selected normal femoral scans five times on five different days. Again results are expressed as a coefficient of variation and were 1.3±0.8% for the neck of femur, 2.4±1% for Ward's triangle and 0.8±0.7% for the trochanter, suggesting that most of the variation in the femur density results can be attributed to the analysis procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01625443
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of solid state NiFe2O4 formation at 700 to 1400° C (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 13 (1978), S. 1148-1150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00544719
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