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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of oleic acid on insulin secretion by the isolated perfused rat pancreas (1979)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 16 (1979), S. 267-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Arginine ; glucose ; insulin ; isolated perfused rat pancreas ; oleic acid ; non-esterified fatty acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The isolated perfused rat pancreas was utilized to investigate the effect of oleic acid on insulin secretion. In the absence of glucose, a continuous infusion of oleic acid (1500 μmol/l) induced a biphasic insulin release. This effect was reduced at low extracellular calcium concentration. In the presence of oleic acid 1500 μmol/l, the insulin response to 10 mmol/l arginine occurrred earlier, the total amount of insulin released in response to the amino acid being unchanged. Such an effect was not obtained when oleic acid in the medium was 750 μmol/l, but it was observed in the presence of oleic acid 1500 μmol/l when the concentration of albumin in the perfusate was increased from 2 g/100 ml to 4 g/100 ml. The insulin response to a continuous infusion of glucose (4.4 mmol/l and 16.7 mmol/l) was potentiated by the presence of oleic acid 1500 μmol/l in the perfusate. No modification of the biphasic pattern of insulin response to glucose 16.7 mmol/l was observed. These results demonstrate that high concentrations of oleic acid stimulate insulin release from the isolated perfused rat pancreas and modulate the insulin response to arginine or glucose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01221954
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glucagon secretion in diabetic patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis (1977)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 13 (1977), S. 509-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Idiopathic haemochromatosis ; diabetes ; glucagon secretion ; arginine infusion ; oral glucose tolerance test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present investigation was to determine in patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis whether diabetes is of the primary type or secondary to pancreatic injury due to iron deposition. For this purpose, plasma glucagon concentrations were determined following arginine infusion or an oral glucose load in eight patients with diabetes and idiopathic haemochromatosis. The enhanced glucagon response to arginine and the nonsuppressibility of glucagon secretion by oral glucose found in these patients were similar to the results found in the same tests performed in our previous series of patients with “idiopathic” diabetes and at variance with those reported by others in patients with chronic pancreatitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01234505
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma glucagon levels in normal women during pregnancy (1975)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 11 (1975), S. 549-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Free fatty acids ; glucagon ; glucose ; glucose-tolerance ; insulin ; insulin-resistance ; pregnancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Increased plasma pancreatic glucagon concentrations have been reported during various states of decreased glucose tolerance.In vitro studies have demonstrated that human somatomammotropin stimulates glucagon release. The present investigation aimed at evaluating the role of plasma glucagon in the insulin resistance associated with normal pregnancy. Postprandial samples of plasma were obtained from 156 pregnant women between the 5th and the 40th week of pregnancy and were assayed for blood glucose, plasma insulin, glucagon and free fatty acids. Plasma insulin showed a gradual increase during pregnancy, and reached its maximal values during the last trimester. A moderate but significant increase in plasma glucagon was present between the 16th and the 28th week of gestation, whereas during the first and the last trimester of pregnancy its concentration was similar to that in non pregnant women. Intravenous glucose tolerance was performed during the last trimester and in a group of non pregnant control women. The slight decrease in glucose tolerance and the marked hyperinsulinemia associated with late pregnancy were accompanied by a more rapid and more pronounced decrease in plasma glucagon. A rapid and sustained decrease in glucagon was also observed when plasma FFA were raised by the intravenous administration of a triglyceride emulsion and heparin. These data suggest that glucagon is not involved in the insulin resistance associated with normal human pregnancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01222105
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glucagon and diabetes: A reappraisal (1979)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 16 (1979), S. 347-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Conclusions The metabolic properties of glucagon, demonstrated bothin vitro andin vivo, qualify it as a potential diabetogenic hormone. Plasma glucagon levels are usually elevated in diabetes, the highest levels being found in the absence of insulin. Numerous lines of evidence indicate that excess glucagon levels contribute to the metabolic abnormalities of diabetes. Nevertheless, diabetes can occur in the absence of glucagon (pancreatectomy in man). The absence of high intra-islet levels of insulin may explain the persistence of abnormally high plasma concentrations of glucagon in the diabetic receiving conventional insulin therapy. In maturity-onset type diabetes, the intimate mechanisms leading to abnormal circulating glucagon levels are completely unknown. A search for selective glucagon inhibitors represents an attractive new way in diabetes management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01223153
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Failure of indomethacin to affect arginine-induced C-peptide and glucagon release in insulin-treated diabetics (1981)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 21 (1981), S. 376-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin-treated diabetics ; intravenous arginine ; insulin ; glucagon ; C-peptide ; indomethacin ; prostaglandins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fourteen insulin-treated diabetics were submitted to an arginine infusion test performed with either 11.7 or 5.85mg kg-1 min-1 arginine monohydrochloride infused during 40 min with or without previous oral administration of a low (75+50 mg) or a high (75 mg + 3 mg/kg) dose of indomethacin. Blood glucose, plasma non-esterified fatty acids, insulin, C-peptide and glucagon were determined at regular intervals before, during and after the arginine infusion. These parameters were totally unaffected by the two doses of indomethacin both in the basal state and during the arginine infusions at the two loads tested. Eight subjects had a basal C-peptide level above 0.07 pmol/ml and a mean (± SEM) maximal rise of 0.21±0.04 pmol/ml during the arginine infusion, whereas the remaining six patients had virtually zero values throughout the tests. The arginine-induced plasma glucagon rise was similar for the two rates of arginine infusion; the sum of the increments in plasma glucagon averaged 877±120 and 647±92 pg/ml (p〉0.1) for the high and low rates of arginine infusion, respectively. The magnitude of the blood glucose rise appeared independent of the amount of arginine infused. Confirming previous reports, we found that the blood glucose rise after arginine was three to four times higher in subjects without C-peptide than in subjects with C-peptide. The mean glucagon response did not differ significantly between subjects with or without C-peptide. Thus, residual B cell function determines the magnitude of the blood glucose rise but not the glucagon response after intravenous arginine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252685
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible role of endogenous prostaglandins in glucagon secretion by isolated guinea-pig islets (1978)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 15 (1978), S. 411-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Isolated islets ; guinea-pig ; prostaglandin synthesis ; glucagon secretion ; arginine ; noradrenaline ; indomethacin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous studies have demonstrated that prostaglandins stimulate glucagon secretionin vitro andin vivo. The present work was aimed at investigating the influence of two inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, isopropyl-2 nicotinoyl-3 indole (L8027) and indomethacin, on basal and arginine- or noradrenaline-stimulated glucagon release from isolated guinea-pig islets incubated in the absence of glucose. L8027 (10−4 and 10−5 mol/l) did not alter basal glucagon release, blocked almost completely the glucagon response to arginine (10−2 mol/l), had no effect on the glucagon release induced by noradrenaline (10−4H mol/l), but reduced the stimulatory effect of a lower concentration of noradrenaline (5.10−7 mol/l). The kinetic study of this inhibitory effect demonstrated that (1) it necessitates preincubation of the islets with L8027 for 30 minutes before the addition of arginine, (2) after a short preincubation period (30 minutes) in the presence of L8027, removal of the inhibitor at the time of arginine stimulation resulted in enhanced glucagon response, (3) on the contrary, after a prolonged incubation period (75 min) with arginine and L8027, the inhibitory effect remained transiently detectable after removal of L8027. Indomethacin similarly blocked arginine- and noradrenaline-induced glucagon secretion. These results suggest that an intra-insular synthesis of prostaglandins is involved in the A cell response to arginine and noradrenaline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01219651
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A 6-hour nocturnal interruption of a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: 1. Metabolic and hormonal consequences and scheme for a prompt return to adequate control (1983)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 24 (1983), S. 314-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Continuous subcutaneous infusion ; Type 1 diabetes ; glucagon ; insulin ; management ; non-esterified fatty acids ; pump
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Interruption of a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, most often due to technical problems occurring during the night, is a not uncommon event whose metabolic consequences have received relatively little attention until now. We have therefore investigated the changes in blood glucose, plasma non-esterified fatty acids, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glucagon and free insulin in eight C-peptide negative Type 1 diabetic patients whose pumps were deliberately stopped between 23.00 h and 05.00 h. A control test with the pump functioning normally was carried out in each patient and the studies were randomized. Considering the values at 23.00 h as reference, interruption of the insulin infusion resulted in (1) a rapid decrease in plasma free insulin significant after 1 h and reaching a nadir of 6±2 mU/l after 6 h; (2) a rise in blood glucose which was significant at hour 3 and reached 17.4±1.9 mmol/l at hour 6; (3) a moderate increase in plasma non-esterified fatty acids which remained in the range of 700–800 μmol/l; (4) an early and linear rise in plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate, significant after 1 h and averaging 1290±140 μmol/l after 6 h; (5) a late increase (hour 5) in plasma glucagon. The second aim of our study was to provide for the patient a precise scheme of insulin supplements administered via the pump and based on blood glucose monitoring (Dextrostix — Glucometer) and semi-quantitative evaluation of ketonuria (Acetest). Resetting the pump at its basal rate at 05.00h and giving insulin supplements (2–8 U) at 06.45 h (with the usual breakfast dose) and again at 10.00 h have proved efficacious in restoring satisfactory metabolic control by noon the day after starting the experiment. These results form practical recommendations to patients undergoing this type of accident.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251815
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A 6-hour nocturnal interruption of a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: 2. Marked attenuation of the metabolic deterioration by somatostatin (1983)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 24 (1983), S. 319-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Continuous subcutaneous infusion ; Type 1 diabetes ; glucagon ; growth hormone ; insulin ; non-esterified fatty acids ; pump ; somatostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We investigated the respective roles of insulin deprivation and counter-regulatory hormones in the metabolic deterioration after a nocturnal interruption of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients without residual insulin secretion. Changes in blood glucose, plasma non-esterified fatty acids, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol and free insulin in seven patients whose pumps were deliberately stopped between 23.00 h and 05.00 h were compared in two randomized tests carried out either during an intravenous somatostatin infusion at a constant rate of 250 μg/h from 22.00 h until 07.00 h (somatostatin test) or during a saline infusion (control test). Arrest of the pumps resulted in a rapid (already significant after 1 h) and progressive (nadir after 5–6 h) decrease in plasma free insulin concentrations with no statistically significant differences between the two tests. Somatostatin remarkably depressed basal levels of growth hormone and the late significant increase in glucagon (+39±14 pg/ml at 05.00 h, 2p〈 0.05) observed during the control test. In contrast, cortisol secretion was not inhibited. The sharp linear increase in blood glucose observed from 01.00 to 05.00 h (38±4 μmol·l-1· min-1) in the control test was fully suppressed with a paradoxical tendency to hypoglycaemia until 03.00 h and a less steep rise from 03.00 to 05.00 h (18±5 μmol·l-1·min-1, 2p〈0.05) during the somatostatin test. Initial plasma non-esterified fatty acids levels were slightly higher on somatostatin but did not show any statistically significant rise despite arrest of the pump, contrasting with the increase from 491±27 to 741±96 μmol/l (2p〈0.05) in the control test. Consequently, plasma non-esterified fatty acids levels from 01.00 to 05.00 h were not significantly different between the two tests. The abrupt rise in 3-hydroxybutyrate from 00.00 to 05.00 h (3.0±0.5 μmol·l-1·min-1) in the control test was not altered by somatostatin until 03.00 h. In contrast, during the last 2 h after arrest of the pump, somatostatin inhibited any further rise in 3-hydroxybutyrate levels. In conclusion, somatostatin significantly reduces metabolic deterioration during a 6-h nocturnal interruption of a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Somatostatin-induced glucagon suppression seems to be involved in reducing hyperglycaemia as well as, together with the somatostatin-induced growth hormone suppression, in the limitation of hepatic ketogenesis in hours 5 and 6 after cessation of insulin supply. In contrast, the early rise in 3-hydroxybutyrateplasma levels is unaffected by somatostatin and thus appears entirely due to the fall in free insulin circulating concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251816
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of insulin on glucagon enhanced lipolysis in vitro (1969)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 195-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; glucagon ; adipose tissue ; lipolysis ; FFA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A des concentrations proches de celles qui sont rencontrées dans le plasma humain, le glucagon stimule fortement la lipolyse au niveau de la graisse épididymaire du rat, étudiéein vitro. Les effets de telles concentrations de glucagon sont réduits, voire abolis par l'insuline aux concentrations de 25 et 100μU/ml. Rapprochées de l'effet insulinogénique puissant du glucagon, ces observations peuvent fournir une explication quant au caractère retardé de l'élévation du taux sanguin des acides gras libres observée après injection de glucagonin vivo.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Glucagon stimuliert in Konzentrationen, wie sie auch im menschlichen Plasma vorkommen, die Lipolyse im Ratten-Nebenhodenfettgewebein vitro stark. Die Effekte derartiger Glucagonkonzentrationen werden durch Insulin (25–100μE/ml) verringert bis aufgehoben. Unter Berücksichtigung der ausgeprägten Wirkung von Glucagon auf die Insulinfreisetzung können diese Beobachtungen eine Erklärung für die Verzögerung des Anstiegs der freien Fettsäuren im Serum liefern, die man nach Glucagoninjektionenin vivo beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary Glucagon in concentrations similar to those found in human plasma markedly stimulates lipolysis in rat adipose tissuein vitro. The effects of these “physiological” concentrations of glucagon are reduced or abolished by insulin at concentrations of 25 and 100μU/ml. Considering the marked insulinogenic effect of glucagon these observations may provide an explanation for the delayed increase of blood FFA observed after glucagon injectionin vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01213680
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    British Diabetic Association Abstracts Medical and Scientific Section, Autumn Meeting (1969)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 201-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01213682
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