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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of deletion breakpoints in the dystrophin gene was studied in a series of subjects belonging to different European populations. The data, obtained from the literature or directly from the present study, refer to population samples from France, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherland, Switzerland, and U.K. (England, Scotland, Wales). In total, 1516 breakpoints were assigned to different introns, 359 in the region encompassing the first 40 exons and 1157 (76%) in the distal part of the gene. Intron 7 appears to be equally involved as the starting or ending breakpoint, whereas intron 44 is involved mostly as a starting breakpoint. Breakpoint distribution by intron seems to differ in different populations, reaching statistical significance in the case of introns 44, 49, and 53. This finding suggests that some intronic sequences might contain preferential breakpoints that might vary in different populations, possibly as a consequence of genetic drift.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two recent articles have reported the linkage of a gene for recessive spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) on the chromosome region 5q11.2–13.3. Our data show no linkage of the dominantly inherited forms of SMA to this chromosome region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 584-586 (June 2008), p. 661-666 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Linear flow splitting is a new cold forming process for the production of branched sheetmetal structures. It induces severe plastic strain in the processing zone which results in theformation of an UFG microstructure and an increase in hardness and strength in the flanges. Inbuiltdeformation gradients in the processing zone lead to steep gradients in the microstructure andmechanical properties. In the present paper the gradients in the UFG microstructure and themechanical properties of a HSLA steel (ZStE 500) processed by linear flow splitting are presented,as well as a calculation of local strength from hardness measurements on the basis of the Ludwikequation.In order to investigate the thermal stability of the UFG microstructure heat treatmentsbelow the recrystallization temperature were chosen. The coarsening process and the developmentof the low angle to high angle grain boundary ratio in the gradient UFG microstructure weremonitored by EBSD measurements. It is shown that heat treatment can lead to a grain refinementdue to a strong fragmentation of elongated grains while only little coarsening in the transversedirection occurs. A smoothing of the gradients in the UFG microstructure as well as in themechanical properties is observed
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 584-586 (June 2008), p. 68-73 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Linear flow splitting is a new continuous cold forming process where the edge of a sheetmetal is formed into two flanges by splitting and supporting rolls. Thus the production of bifurcatedprofiles from sheet metal without lamination of material becomes feasible. The production of suchstructures takes place incrementally in a modified roll forming machine. Experimental investigateonson a HSLA steel show, that even at a surface increase of the sheet edge of about 1800% nocracks were nucleated in the profiles. EBSD measurements in the splitting centre reveal that similarto other SPD processes UFG microstructures develop in the processing zone. Thus a steady state isreached in the processing zone where increasing strain has no more (or little) influence on thematerials properties i.e. its deformability, as it is typical for SPD-processes. The formation of UFGmicrostructures is considered to be a mandatory condition for the linear flow splitting process, as itimproves the formability of the material to the extremely high level required for this process. Themechanical properties of profiles produced by linear flow splitting are characterised by largegradients, depending on the local deformation and the resulting microstructure. Very high hardnessis measured at the former processing zone, i.e. the splitting centre and the flange surface, wheresevere plastic deformation takes place and UFG microstructures are present. In direction to lowerdeformation i.e. with increasing distance to the splitting ground or flange surface the hardnessdecreases close to the level of the undeformed material. In the present paper the linear flow splittingprocess is introduced and the microstructural development in the process zone is discussed on thebase of EBSD measurements on profiles of the steel ZStE 500. The repartition of mechanicalproperties in a bifurcated profile is demonstrated by detailed hardness measurements
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Coumarin derivatives such as warfarin represent the therapy of choice for the long-term treatment and prevention of thromboembolic events. Coumarins target blood coagulation by inhibiting the vitamin K epoxide reductase multiprotein complex (VKOR). This complex recycles vitamin K 2,3-epoxide to ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Muscle contraction results from the force generated between the thin filament protein actin and the thick filament protein myosin, which causes the thick and thin muscle filaments to slide past each other. There are skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and non-muscle isoforms of both ...
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Dystrophin ; Becker muscular dystrophy ; Diagnosis ; Monoclonal antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Monoclonal antibodies recognizing different epitopes of dystrophin have now been widely applied in diagnostic tests for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). The preservation of the C-terminus in BMD patients necessitates the routine use of one antibody raised against this region. Additional antibodies against deletion-prone regions of dystrophin further increase the diagnostic power of the tests. We describe two cases which illustrate that the combined use of different antibodies is necessary to avoid misdiagnoses of BMD at the protein level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. S504 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter CAD/CAM ; Knochenersatzmaterial ; MRT ; Qualitätskontrolle ; Titan ; Key words Bone substitute material ; CAD/¶CAM ; MRI ; Quality control ; Titanium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Computer-assisted prefabricated skull implants of pure titanium as a bone replacement material have been used in 22 departments since 1994. Our experience with 104 implants includes clinical aspects (indication; tissue quality; surgical technique; patient guidance), but also geometric and material-specific parameters (acquisition, transfer, and evaluation of CT data; construction; manufacturing; cleaning; postoperative use of radiologic techniques). While the clinical aspects are responsibly defined by the respective surgeon, the geometric and material-specific parameters of individual implants have to comply with the laws on medical products. Therefore, the prospective documentation for each implant includes: helical CT acquisition parameters; geometric data of the computer-based skull model and implant; the cleaning procedure; and the individual marking. Medically specified pure titanium is processed by milling only so that neither purity nor structure is impaired. A specially developed milling technique guarantees the fabrication of all constructed elements down to fine details of 50 μm. Considering the necessary radiologic follow-up of defects after tumor surgery, all patients in our hospital undergo postoperative MRI examination, partly with preoperative documentation as an intraindividual control. Such comprehensive documentation and quality assurance is essential for techniques of prefabricated bone substitution. Hand in hand with scientific research and clinical application, these formal criteria have to be elaborated and fulfilled for the respective techniques. The successful determination of specifically adapted MRI sequences goes even one step further: spin-echo sequences minimize inhomogeneities of the magnetic field induced by the titanium implants and enable accurate postoperative documentation and diagnostics especially in the follow-up after tumor surgery.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Computergestützt vorgefertigte Schädelimplantate aus Reintitan als Knochenersatzmaterial werden seit 1994 in 22 Kliniken eingesetzt. Die Erfahrungen mit 104 Implantaten umfassen klinische (Indikationsstellung; Implantatlager; Operationstechnik; Patientenführung), aber auch geometrische und materialspezifische Aspekte (CT-Datenakquisition, -transfer und -auswertung; Konstruktion; Fertigung; Reinigung; postoperative Einsatzmöglichkeit bildgebender Verfahren). Während die klinischen Aspekte im Verantwortungsbereich ärztlichen Handelns definiert werden, gilt für die geometrischen und materialspezifischen Aspekte bei individuellen Implantaten das Medizinproduktegesetz. Prospektiv werden entsprechend für jedes Implantat die Spiral-CT-Akquisitionsparameter, die Geometriedaten des rechnerinternen Schädelmodells und des Implantats, das Reinigungsverfahren und die individuelle Kennzeichnung dokumentiert. Medizinisch spezifiziertes Reintitan wird ausschließlich durch Fräsung bearbeitet, sodass weder Reinheit noch Gefüge Änderungen erfahren. Eine eigens entwickelte Frästechnik garantiert die Umsetzung aller konstruierter Elemente bis zu einer Feinheit von 50 μm. Im Hinblick auf die bei tumorbedingten Defekten notwendige bildgebende Verlaufskontrolle werden sämtliche Patienten der eigenen Klinik postoperativ mit MRT untersucht, z. T. mit einer präoperativen Darstellung als intraindividuelle Kontrolle. Eine umfassende Dokumentation und Qualitätssicherung ist für Techniken des vorgefertigten Knochenersatzes unabdingbar. Parallel zur forscherischen Entwicklung und ärztlichen Anwendung müssen diese formalen Kriterien für das jeweilige Verfahren bearbeitet und erfüllt werden. Die erfolgreiche Erarbeitung von eigens adaptierten MRT-Sequenzen geht darüber noch hinaus: Spinechosequenzen minimieren die durch die Titanimplantate erzeugten Feldinhomogenitäten und erlauben eine aussagekräftige postoperative Dokumentation und Diagnostik insbesondere nach Tumoroperationen in der Verlaufsbeobachtung.
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