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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: hpGRF ; Growth retardation ; Endocrine-metabolic diseases ; Plasma GH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of one of the new human pancreatic growth hormone releasing factors (hpGRFs) was assessed in children or young adults with different forms of growth retardation or endocrine-metabolic diseases. Intravenously administered synthetic hpGRF-40 (1 μg/kg) induced a clear-cut and prompt rise in plasma growth hormone (GH) levels in 8 normal prepubertal children and a definite GH rise in 11 out of 14 children with isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) and one child with the Silver-Russel syndrome. In two out of three subjects with craniopharyngioma hpGRF-40 did not induce any plasma GH increase. In seven out of ten children with constitutional growth delay (CGD), hpGRF-40 induced a biphasic GH response, with a prompt small GH increment followed by a second, more consistent rise. Both in children with IGHD and with CGD the rise in plasma GH following hpGRF-40 was markedly lower than in controls. In children with CGD the GH response to hpGRF-40 was defective, despite the fact that in most of them the GH response to standard pharmacological stimuli was normal according to generally accepted criteria. hpGRF induced a small but sustained plasma GH rise in four hypothyroid subjects, while in three out of four children with idiopathic obesity the GH response to hpGRF was strikingly reduced. These data demonstrate that hpGRF is a potent stimulus of GH release in normal prepubertal children and a physiological means of investigating GH function in diseases associated with growth impairment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 75 (1985), S. 91-98 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Hypothalamic disease ; pituitary disease ; hypophysiotropic peptides ; neuroactive drugs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The paper reviews approaches that can be applied to separating the endocrinological central nervous system (CNS) from pituitary components of neuroendocrine disorders Major reasons which hamper the differentiation of primary hypothalamic from pituitary diseases are considered. Finally, future strategies suitable for a better accomplishment of this task are mentioned. Theoretically, the combined application of CNS-active compounds and hypothalamic regulatory hormones (RHs) should unravel the hypothalamic or pituitary etiology of the disorder. Until now, the most useful diagnostic application of RHs deals with their use in disease states due to isolated or multiple RH deficiency. Thus, the recent isolation of GRF molecules from human pancreatic tumors holds promise of a better functional characterization of GH deficiency states. The differentiation of the hypothalamic or pituitary origin of the disease in states of pituitary hyperfunction,e.g., acromegaly, or prolactinomas, is influenced by factors such as the development or expression of aberrant pituitary receptors for neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, the persistence of the responsiveness of tumorous pituitary cells to the respective RH, the disrupting effect of the excessively produced pituitary or target gland hormone on hypothalamic function. Future strategies of research in this area may include: 1. the development of sensitive and specific assays for RHs,e.g., GRF, CRF, etc. and RH determinations in biological fluids; 2. the search for non-hypophysiotropic peptides in the cerebrospinal fluid and their evaluation after appropriate stimulation; 3. better functional and clinical characterization of ectopic hormone-producing syndromes, or of psychiatric disorders mimicking neuroendocrine abnormalities from an endocrinological viewpoint (e.g., primary affective disordersvs. Cushing's disease; 4. use of neuroactive compounds probing selective aspects of neurotransmitter function and, finally, 5. long-term follow-up studies after adenomectomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: It is well known that the adrenergic system has both stimulatory and inhibitory influences on growth hormone (GH) secretion probably by modulating GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and/or somatostatin release. To better understand the mechanisms by which these influences take place, we investigated the effects of α- and β-adrenergic agonists and antagonists on both basal and GHRH-induced GH release in 23 male adult volunteers. The GH-releasing effect of clonidine (0.15 mg infused iv over 10 min), an α2-adrenergic agonist, was significantly blunted by yohimbine (30 mg orally at −50 min), a relatively specific α2-adrenergic antagonist area under the response curve, mean±SEM: 672.6 ± 143.0 versus 219.6 ± 16.7 μg/l/h; P〈0.05). On the other hand, the GHRH (1 μg/kg iv as a bolus)-induced GH increase was unaffected by yohimbine (339.3 ± 19.1 versus 518.1±172.8 μg/I/h). Concomitant blockade of α1-/α2-adrenoreceptors by phentolamine (0.5 mg/ml/min infused iv from −60 to +30 min) abolished the GHRH-induced GH rise (645.5± 106.0 versus 189.0±58.8 μg/l/h; P〈0.01). Finally, the GHRH-stimulated release was blunted by β2-adrenergic stimulation with salbutamol (10 μg/min infused iv from −5 to +15 min) (324.3 ± 99.7 versus 112.7 ± 48.8 μg/l/h; P〈0.02).In conclusion: 1) The evidence that yohimbine is able to blunt the clonidine-induced GH release but fails to inhibit the GHRH-induced GH rise indicates that, as in animals, in man too the GH-releasing effect of clonidine is specifically mediated by α2-receptor activation, and may occur via endogenous GHRH release; 2) the inhibitory effect on GH release of β, namely β2, receptor activation is probably mediated by the somatostatinergic system; 3) an unopposed β-adrenergic activation would account for the inhibitory effect on GHRH-induced GH release of concomitant α1–/α2-adrenoreceptor blockade by phentolamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 46 (1979), S. 205-214 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sulpiride, an antipsychotic drug of the benzamide class, reportedly displaces stereospecifically [3H]-butyrophenones from putative dopamine (DA) binding sites in rat striatum. To evaluate if sulpiride displays the same stereospecificity in the inhibition of pituitary DA receptors, the effect of the two (-)- and (+)-sulpiride isomers was tested with regard to their ability to stimulate prolactin (PRL) secretion in rats and man and to displace [3H]-spiroperidol bound to rat anterior pituitary receptors. In male rats, (−)-sulpiride at doses of 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg i.p., induced a maximum PRL-releasing effect, not different from that evoked by a dose of 10 mg/kg of the compound. (+)-Sulpiride was active only at the dose of 10 mg/kg i.p., and its PRL-releasing effect was superimposable to that evoked by the same dose of (−)-sulpiride. Similarly, in 8 normal subjects (4 men and 4 women) only (−)-sulpiride was active as PRL releaser when the low dose of 0.25 mg i.v. was used; when the higher dose of sulpiride was used (4.0 mg i.v.), it induced a rise in plasma PRL of the same entity for both isomers at early post-injection times (15–30 min) but greater with the (−)-isomer at the following time intervals (45–120 min). (−)-Sulpiride displaced [3H]-spiroperidol bound to rat anterior pituitary homogenates with a potency about 100 times as greater as that showed by (+)-sulpiride. In all, these data indicate that sulpiride isomers display at the level of pituitary DA receptors for PRL control the same stereospecificity exhibited on a population of striatal DA receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The function of the hypothalamic tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons involved in the control of prolactin secretion was investigated in aged subjects with the use of nomifensine, an indirect-acting dopamine (DA) agonist, domperidone, a DA receptor antagonist, and DA, which acts directly on the pituitary lactotropes. In all 33 women, aged 69–92 yr, were studied. Baseline prolactin values were slightly but significantly higher in aged women (13 ± 1.2 ng/ml, M ± S.E.M.) than in a group of control fertile women (8 ± 0.7 ng/ml). Oral administration of nomifensine (200 mg), in 14 aged women suppressed plasma prolactin (≥ 30% of baseline) in 8 subjects, a proportion not different from that present in fertile women (7/15) also receiving a single oral dose of nomifensine. Intravenous infusion of DA (0.04μg/kg min, 120 min) induced a similar inhibition in plasma prolactin in the aged and the fertile women, while administration of domperidone (4 mg i.v.) evoked a higher plasma prolactin rise, 15 min post-administration, in fertile than aged women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 81 (1990), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Brain neurotransmitters ; effects on anterior pituitary hormones ; brain neuropeptides ; effects on anterior pituitary hormones ; neuroendocrine markers ; neuroactive drugs ; psychiatric disorders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tremendous efforts have been made to exploit the strategy of measuring the secretion of hormones into the plasma by the pituitary as a “window to the brain” and therefore as an insight into potential neurotransmitter receptor lesions in patients with psychiatric disorders. This contribution focuses upon the advantages and drawbacks of the neuroendocrine approach, caution and objectiveness necessary for the critical evaluation and interpretations of the data. Factors related to the neurobiology of the medial basal hypothalamus and its peculiar features, the information that can be derived from the administration of a specific neuroregulatory hormone or a neuroactive compound and evaluation of the evoked hormone release, the multiple constraints related to the drug itself and/or the physiology or coexisting pathology of the psychiatric patient under examination, are thoroughly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Keywords: postoperative delirium – risk factors – vascular surgery. ; Schlüsselwörter: Durchgangssyndrom – Risikofaktoren – Gefäßchirurgie.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Einleitung: Postoperative Durchgangssyndrome sind pyschische Störungen, die nach Operationen akut auftreten können und einen flukturierenden Verlauf haben. Der postoperative Verlauf ist oft deutlich protrahiert. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es, zu analysieren, wie häufig Durchgangssyndrome bei gefäßchirurgischen Patienten auftreten, und ob sich Risikofaktoren für deren Entwicklung identifizieren lassen. Methoden: Die somatischen Befunde von Patienten, die elektiv arteriel operiert wurden, wurden erfaßt. Darüber hinaus wurden die Patienten präoperativ psychiatrisch untersucht. Intraoperativ wurden der Infusions- und Transfusionsbedarf, Blutgase und Blutdruckverhalten sowie Narkose- und Operationszeiten dokumentiert. Postoperativ wurden die Patienten täglich von Tag 1–7 psychiatrisch und chirurgisch untersucht. Ein Durchgangssyndrom wurde nach dem Diagnostischen und Statistischen Manual Psychischer Störungen DSM IV diagnostiziert und in leichte, mittlere und schwere Formen unterteilt. Ergebnisse: 54 Patienten gingen in die Studie ein. Davon entwickelten 21 (38,9 %) ein Durchgangssyndrom (11 leicht, 2 mittelschwer, 8 schwer). Deutliche Unterschiede zeigten sich zwischen Patienten mit aortalen Operationen( n = 27, 55,5 % Durchgangssyndrom) und solchen mit nichtaortalen Eingriffen (n = 27, 22,2 % Durchgangssyndromen). Bestimmte Begleiterkrankungen (Hörstörung), nicht jedoch ein höheres Lebensalter erhöhten die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines postoperativen Durchgangssyndromes. Sowohl allgemein psychopathologisch auffällige Patienten als auch solche mit einer depressiveren Grundstimmung entwickelten häufiger Durchgangssyndrome als psychiatrisch unauffällige. Patienten, deren intraoperativer Verlauf kompliziert war, entwickelten häufiger ein Durchgangssyndrom. Dabei war die Schwere des Verlaufes nicht an der absoluten Operationszeit, dem Blutdruck oder den Blutgasen abzulesen. Aussagekräftiger waren ein intra- oder postoperativ erniedrigter Hämoglobinwert (Hb 〈 10 g %), ein erhöhter intraoperativer Infusionsbedarf und eine intraoperative Acidose. Patienten mit Durchgangssyndromen entwicklten häufiger postoperative Komplikationen (8/21 = 38,1 % vs 6/33 = 18,2 %) und mußten länger intensivmedizinisch behandelt werden (2,7 vs 2,1 Tage, nur aortale Eingriffe 3,2 vs 2,4 Tage). Schlußfolgerungen: Postoperative Durchgangssyndrome sind nach gefäßchirurgischen Operationen häufig. Vor allem Patienten mit aortalen Operationen, mit bestimmten Begleiterkrankungen, psychopathologischen Auffälligkeiten und solche mit einem komplizierten intraoperativen Verlauf sind gefährdet, eine derartige Komplikation zu entwickeln.
    Notes: Abstract. Introduction: Postoperative delirium is a common psychic disturbance occurring acutely after various surgical procedures and typically presenting with a fluctuating course. These patients' recovery takes longer. In this study we analyze the incidence of postoperative delirium in patients undergoing vascular surgery and try to identify risk factors for its development. Methods: Patients undergoing elective arterial operations were included. Their medical history, the specific vascular diagnosis and operation performed, the medication and laboratory data were monitored. Additionally the patients were preoperatively interviewed by a psychiatrist. Intraoperatively the drugs, infusions, possible transfusions, blood gases and pressures were monitored, as were the times of surgery and anesthesia. Postoperatively patients were seen daily by the psychiatrist and the surgeon for at least 7 days. Postoperative delirium was diagnosed according to DSM IV criteria, and mild, moderate and severe delirium were distinguished. Results: Fifty-four patients entered the study. Twenty-one (38.9 %) developed postoperative delirium (11 mild, 2 moderate, 8 severe). Patients with aortic operations developed delirium more frequently than those with non-aortic procedures(55.5 vs 22.2 %, n = 27 each). Some preexisting diseases (hearing disturbance) increased the probability of postoperative delirium, while age was not identified as a risk factor. General psychopathological and depressive disturbances increased the likelihood of postoperative delirium. Patients who had a severe intraoperative course developed postoperative delirium more frequently. This was not seen in the absolute time of surgery or anesthesia nor in the intraoperative development of blood pressure or intraarterial gases, which did not differ between patients with and without postoperative delirium. More reliable parameters were an increased intraoperative need for crystalloid volume, intra – or postoperatively decreased hemoglobin values (Hb 〈 10 g/dl) and the development of acidosis that had to be treated. Patients with delirium had serious complications more often (8/21 = 38.1 % vs 6/33 = 18.2 %) and needed Intensive Care treatment longer (2.7 vs 2.1 days, only aortic surgery 3.2 vs 2.4 days). Conclusions: Postoperative delirium after vascular surgery is frequent. Patients undergoing aortic surgery, with specific concomittant medical disease, psychopathological disturbances and a severe intraoperative course, are at risk of developing postoperative delirium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 25 (1969), S. 1146-1147 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung des Gehalts an Wachstumshormon in der Hypophyse wurden die radioimmunologische und die biologische Methode verwendet. Die Resultate der immunologischen Bestimmung von Wachstumshormon nach Insulinstress, Kälte oder Hunger waren negativ, während im biologischen Versuch eine deutliche Abnahme des Gehalts an Wachstumshormon in der Hypophyse festzustellen war.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Riassunto II 3', 5'-AMP dibutirrato (5 Ώg) iniettato nel ventricolo laterale del cervello di ratto, provoca una spiccata liberazione deH'ormone somatotropo soltanto in animali pretrattati con teofillina (50 mg/kg s.c). La teofillina per via s.c. (50 mg/kg) si dimostra inattiva, ma libera ormone somatotropo quando e iniettata per via endoventricolare (5 Ώg). Uno stimolo usualmente incapace di liberare somatotropo (formalina) provoca deplezione dell'ormone dall'ipofisi in ratti pretrattati s.c. con teofillina. I risultati sono in favore di una partecipazione del 3', 5-AMP nel meccanismo di liberazione di ormone somatotropo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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