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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 301-302 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Muscle transplantation ; motor endplates ; endplate zone ; regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reinnervation of transplanted muscles occurs in 2 steps. During the first 5 months the motor axon terminals innervate primarily the border of the original endplate zone, re-establishing its previous outline. In the next 4 months, by further ramifying of the axons, new nerve-muscle contacts are formed exclusively within the boundaries of this zone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Sternomastoid muscle ; Fiber types ; Motor unit ; Motoneurons ; Primary afferent neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several quantitative and qualitative parameters of the rat sternomastoid muscle and its innervation have been investigated. The sternomastoid muscle consists of two even macroscopically clearly distinguishable portions, a white and a red one, the latter occupying the deep medial section of the muscle. Correlating serial cross sections stained for alkali-stable ATP-ase and NADH-TR activity, 4 different muscle fiber types were found in the red zone (βR, αR, αI, αβW), 2 types in the white zone (αI, αβW). Mean diameters and percentages of muscle fiber types in the different parts of the muscle were determined. About 20 muscle spindles, preferentially located in the red part, were detected. The average size of motor units was calculated to be about 54. In the sternomastoid nerve, which originates from the accessory nerve (motor root) and from the cervical plexus (sensory root), electronmicroscopically a mean total of 558 nerve fibers was counted (47% myelinated, 53% unmyelinated). The diameter distribution of unmyelinated fibers reveals two distinct peaks in the sternomastoid nerve as well as in its roots. This indicates the existence of two different kinds of unmyelinated fibers. Using acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) histochemistry (Zenker and Hohberg, 1973) numbers and diameters of myelinated ACHE-positive (motor) and ACHE-negative (sensory) nerve fibers were determined. 53% of the myelinated fibers in the sternomastoid nerve were found to be motoric (65% α-motor, 35% γ-motor fibers). Using the HRP tracing technique the perikarya of the motor and sensory neuron pools were identified, counted, and their diameters determined. Motoneurons are localized from the transition zone brain stem/spinal cord to the third cervical segment of the spinal cord, lying dorsomedially in the ventral horn in the upper segments and shifting laterally in the caudal segments. The diameter distribution of motoneuronal perikarya is clearly bimodal corresponding to α-and γ-neurons. Perikarya of primary afferent neurons are located in spinal ganglia C2-C4. Their diameter distribution was found to be trimodal. The aim of the study was to give a complex morphological description of one nerve muscle system and to compare some parameters with those of other systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 159 (1980), S. 59-69 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Infrahyoid muscles ; Motoneurons ; Spinal ganglion cells ; Axons ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Perikarya of motoneurons and spinal ganglion cells attributed to infrahyoid muscle nerves of the rat were labelled by retrogradely transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP). For the differentiation of motor and sensory axons cross sections of the nerves were stained for acetylcholinesterase. Numbers and diameter distributions of perikarya and myelinated axons were determined. Motoneuronal perikarya innervating the infrahyoid muscles are located from the transition zone brain stem/spinal cord to the segment C 3. They are found mostly in the medial part of the Rexed laminae VII and VIII at the level of C 1 and C 2 and more ventrolaterally in C 3 and are therefore located to a large extent in areas until now not recognized to contain motoneurons. Our results provide evidence for a somatotopic organization of the motoneurons in the upper cervical spinal cord. The diameter distributions of motoneuronal perikarya and axons are in most cases bimodal, the two modes corresponding to α-and γ-motoneurons. In relation to the diameters of their perikarya α-axons are significantly thicker than γ-axons. In contrast to the motoneurons no clear correlation could be established between the sizes of perikarya of spinal ganglion cells and their peripheral processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 159 (1980), S. 49-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ansa cervicalis ; Infrahyoid muscles ; Fiber types ; Motor unit ; Muscle spindles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The topographical anatomy of the ansa cervicalis and the infrahyoid muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid) as well as the qualitative and quantitative muscle fiber composition have been studied in the rat. The ansa consists of a superior and an inferior radix receiving fibers from the hypoglossal nerve and from C 1–3, respectively. Two main branches, a horizontal one, leaving the superior radix and a descending one, leaving the vertex were found constantly, while the smaller branches exhibit a considerable variability. The sternohyoid muscle is built up of a superior and an inferior belly The tendinous intersection serves as origin for the sternothyroid muscle. The different fiber types are evenly distributed in the sternohyoid (both bellies), the sternothyroid, and the omohyoid muscle (lacking type I (β) fibers). The sternohyoid muscle displays a small number of fibers classified as type I fibers which are regularly found in the inferior but only sporadically in the superior belly. These muscle fibers probably do not belong to a single motor unit. In contrast to the type IIA (α) and the type I fibers the type IIB (αβ) fibers display a considerably varying diameter. Muscle spindles were regularly found in the infrahyoid muscles, the sternothyroid muscle containing proportionally the greatest number of spindles. The mean size of the motor units ranges from 77 to 86 in the different muscles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 144 (1974), S. 195-203 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Development ; Adrenal glands ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung der vorgeburtlichen Entwicklung der Nebennieren erfolgte an H.-E.-Schnitten und wurde ergänzt durch den Nachweis alkalischer Phosphatase. 1. Markzellen beginnen mit 11–12 Tagen in das Rindenblastem einzuwandern. Mit 14 Tagen a.p. ist die Einwanderung bereits abgeschlossen, d.h. viel früher als bei menschlichen Embryonen entsprechenden Alters. 2. Der Cortex beginnt sich am 11. Tag zu entwickeln, wie bei menschlichen Embryonen vergleichbaren Alters. Vor der Geburt kann bei der Maus nicht zwischen einem “fetalen” und “permanenten” Cortex unterschieden werden. 3. Eine frühzeitige Einwanderung von versprengten Geschlechtszellen kann in der Cortexanlage durch die Reaktion auf alkalische Phosphatase nachgewiesen werden. Später verschwinden sie wieder. Eine Infiltration von Leuko-und Lymphocyten besteht nicht. Beim Herannahen des Geburtszeitpunktes treten aber Blutbildungsherde auf.
    Notes: Summary A detailed reinvestigation of the prenatal development of the adrenal gland has been carried out, using H.-E. sections supplemented by investigation of alcaline phosphatase activity. 1. Medullary cells start to invade the cortex blastema at 11–12 days. Immigration is completed at 14 days a.p., i.e. much earlier than in human embryos of corresponding age. 2. Cortex development starts at 11 days, like in human embryos of corresponding age. Before birth, there is no distinction between “fetal” and “permanent” cortex in mice. 3. Early invasion of gonocytes into the cortex blastema can be demonstrated by alcaline phosphatase reaction. Later on they disappear. There is no infiltration of leuco-and lymphocytes. Near term foci of blood-forming cells are appearing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 144 (1974), S. 205-214 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Adrenal gland ; Juxtamedullary X-zone ; Mouse ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die postnatale Entwicklung der Nebennieren wurde an hybriden Mäusen (Kreuzung der Inzuchtstämme C57BL/6 und CBA) und an nu/+ Mäusen (BALB/c) untersucht. Dabei standen uns von weiblichen und männlichen Tieren beider Stämme Schnittserien der folgenden Stadien zur Verfügung: 1, 7, 14, 21, 42, 63 und 84 Tage. Neben Zona glomerulosa und Zona fasciculata weist die Nebennierenrinde 2–3 Wochen alter Mäuse zwei innere Schichten auf. An die dem Mark anliegende, schon mehrfach beschriebene X-Zone schließt sich nach außen ein Gürtel kleiner Zellen an. Diese zwischen X-Zone und Fasciculata gelegene, bei Weibschen stärker ausgeprägte Rindenschicht bildet sich mit dem Verschwinden der X-Zone zurück. Wegen ihrer morphodynamischen und wahrscheinlich auch funktionellen Eigenständigkeit haben wir diese Schicht von der X-Zone abgetrennt und als kleinzellige Zone bezeichnet. Auf Grund unserer Beobachtungen neigen wir zur Ansicht, daß die definitive Zona reticularis aus der kleinzelligen Zone hervorgeht. Der Zeitpunkt beginnender Rückbildung der X-Zone zegt neben den bekannten geschlechtsabhängigen Unterschieden eine ganz erhebliche Variabilität (bis 10 Wochen) zwischen den verschiedenen Tierstämmen. Die X-Zone der Maus und die fetale Zone der menschlichen Nebenniere können—obwohl beides vorübergehende Strukturen—, wegen ihrer verschiedenartigen Entwicklung kaum als Analoga betrachtet werden.
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the adrenal glands was investigated in hybrid mice (from crossing the two inbred strains C57BL/6 and CBA) and in nu/+ mice (BALB/c). Serial sections of the following stages: day 1, 7, 14, 21, 42, 63, and 84 respectively from both strains and sexes were studied. The adrenal cortex of 2–3 week old mice is structurally differentiated into the zona glomerulosa, the zona fasciculata and two inner zones: 1: the well known x-zone surrounding the medulla; 2: a distinct zone (more pronounced in females, than in males) of small cells lying between the x-zone and the zona fasciculata. The latter disappears parallel to the removal of the x-zone. In view of the distinct morphological, developmental and probably even functional individuality of this zone, it was separated from the x-zone and given the name “zone of small cells”. It is assumed, that the definitive zona reticularis originates from the zone of small cells. The time at which the x-zone starts to degenerate depends on the sex, and varies considerably from one strain to another. The x-zone of the mouse and the fetal zone of the human adrenal gland—both transitory structures—differ too much in their development to be considered as analogous structures. New-born mice show a positive chromaffine reaction of the medullary cells. During the first 3 weeks the intensity of reaction increases considerably and then remains at the higher level for the time of further development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Chronic low back pain ; Erector spinae muscle ; MRI ; Muscle biopsy ; Fibre type ; distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Many studies have documented an association between chronic low back pain (LBP) and deficits in back muscle strength and endurance. The sub-optimal performance is believed to be the result of alterations in the size and structure of the muscle, although the long-standing issue of whether the observed changes precede or are a consequence of the pain remains unresolved. If consequent to the problem, and predominantly related to disuse of the muscles, then it may be expected that a relationship between muscle structure and symptom duration would exist. Lumbar paraspinal muscle samples were obtained from 59 chronic LBP patients using the percutaneous biopsy technique. The samples were subject to routine histochemical analysis for the examination of muscle fibre type characteristics and cytochemical architectural changes. In 55 of the patients, the gross cross-sectional areas of magnetic resonance images of the trunk muscles were also measured. Multivariate analysis showed that symptom duration was the strongest predictor of the individual proportions of the fast-fatigable type IIX fibres; with age and gender included in the model, nearly 30% of the variance in fibre type distribution could be accounted for. Duration of pain had no influence on fibre size. Gross muscle cross-sectional area correlated directly with lean body mass and inversely with age, but showed no relationship with symptom duration. Pathological changes in the internal fibre structure were more frequently encountered in older patients, and were independent of symptom duration. The results suggest that, over the long term, fibre type transformations rather than alterations in fibre size are the predominant changes to be found in the muscles of chronic LBP patients. The direction of change supports the results of many previous studies that have demonstrated corresponding differences in the fatigability of the muscles. There is a strong case for the early implementation of active measures to attempt to offset the development of these changes in back pain patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Scoliosis ; Muscle ; fibre types ; Paraspinal muscles ; Multifidus ; Erector spinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To establish the extent to which the paraspinal muscles are affected in idiopathic scoliosis, samples from patients must be compared with controls of a similar gender and age. To date, insufficient control data has been available for these purposes. The aim of this study was to redress this tissue, in order to identify whether one side of the apex of the scoliotic curve showed greater muscular abnormalities than the other. Bilateral samples of the paraspinal muscles were obtained during surgery from 14 female scoliosis patients, at the apex of the scoliotic curve at T9–T11. Percutaneous muscle biopsy samples were obtained from nine female volunteers, on the left side of the spine at T10. Samples were prepared for routine histochemistry for the identification of muscle fibre types. Fibre size was measured using computerised image analysis. Compared with control muscle, there was a significantly lower proportion of type I (slow-twitch oxidative) fibres in the muscle on the concave side of the scoliotic curve, but no difference on the convex side. The proportion of type IIB (fast-twitch, glycolytic) fibres was higher on both sides of the curve compared with controls, with the effect being significantly more marked on the concave side. The percentage of type IIA (slow-twitch, oxidative-glycolytic) fibres did not differ between the groups, and neither did fibre size (although there was a tendency for the controls to have larger type IIA fibres than the patients). Collectively, the differences in fibre type size and distribution meant that on the concave side the relative area of the muscle occupied by type I fibres was smaller, and on both sides of the curve the relative area occupied by type IIB fibres was greater and by type IIA fibres smaller, in comparison with controls. In scoliosis, the spinal musculature is most affected on the concave side of the curve’s apex. The muscle adopts a ‘faster’, or more ‘glycolytic’ profile, which would be consistent with a reduced low-level tonic activity of the muscle, perhaps consequent to a local change in activity on this side of the spine following progression of the curve. Less marked changes, in the same direction, are also evident on the convex side; these may be the result of general disuse of the paraspinal muscles associated with the spinal deformity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The changes in thymus, spleen and lymph nodes of the mouse after a single cortisone application or a single whole body x-irradiation were investigated morphologically and histochemically. During 24 h the alterations following the cortisone application are at all stages examined inditinguishable from those following the x-irradiation. The first signs of lymphocyte destruction can be observed already in the first two hours after treatment. Almost at the same time macrophages accumulate at the sites of cell death in the lymphatic organs studied. The eosinophils display a different behaviour. While they accompany the macrophages in the thymus already at the first stages, they appear in the spleen and lymph nodes with a latency of 6 and 8 h, respectively. The highest amount of necrotic cells is found ten hours after both treatments. At the same time the accumulation of macrophages and eosinophils reaches its maximum. The cholinesterase in the lymphatic organs is largely the true cholinesterase. The enzyme-activity increases in the cortex of the thymus gradually 6 h after treatment, showing the highest deposit of reaction product at 10 h. In spleen and lymph nodes the cholinesterase shows only slight variations. The possible role of the cholinesterase-activity in these non-cholinergic tissues is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 62 (1979), S. 299-304 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary For the histochemical demonstration of the Myosin-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) the pH of both the preincubation and the incubation medium was varied in steps of 1 within a small range: 10.2 to 10.5 and 9.3 to 9.6, respectively. The optimum combinations of both pH values, defined as the ones providing most consistent contrast among the three major types of muscle fibers were determined in 9 different muscles of the rat. The spectrum of optimum combinations differs considerably from muscle to muscle. The reduction of the incubation pH by only 0.1 may drastically change the staining pattern. This probably reflects the unspecifity of the histochemical procedure as well as the plasticity of the ATPase systems. To cope with the lability of the myosin-ATPase the optimum pH values of both media should be determined for each muscle separately.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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